Immunogenicity and safety of the combined vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella isolated or combined with the varicella component administered at 3-month intervals: randomised study

BACKGROUND Field testing required to license the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine must take into account the current recommendation of the vaccine in Brazil: first dose at 12 months and second dose at 15 months of age in combination with a varicella vaccine. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the clinical consistency, immunogenicity, and reactogenicity of three batches of MMR vaccine prepared with active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (MMR-Bio), and compare it to a vaccine (MMR produced by GlaxoSmithKline) with different API. METHODS This was a phase III, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority study of the MMR-Bio administered in infants immunised at health care units in Pará, Brazil, from February 2015 to January 2016. Antibody levels were titrated by immunoenzymatic assays. Adverse events were recorded in diaries. FINDINGS Seropositivity levels after MMR-Bio were 97.6% for measles, 84.7% for mumps, and 98.0% for rubella. After the MMRV vaccine, seroconversion rates and GMT increased substantially for mumps. In contrast, approximately 35% of the children had no detectable antibodies to varicella. Systemic adverse events were more frequent than local events. CONCLUSION The demonstration of batch consistency and non-inferiority of the Bio-MMR vaccine completed the technology transfer. This is a significant technological achievement with implications for immunisation programs.

Controvérsias sobre a ampliação das áreas com vacinação de rotina contra a febre amarela no Brasil / Controversias sobre la ampliación de las áreas con vacunación rutinaria contra la fiebre amarilla en Brasil / Controversies in the expansion of areas with routine yellow fever vaccination in Brazil

Resumo: Febre amarela é uma doença viral potencialmente grave, transmitida por mosquitos Haemagogus, Aedes e Sabethes. A vacinação é a medida mais importante para a sua prevenção e controle. Neste artigo, analisamos as recomendações de vacinação no Brasil, segundo a epidemiologia da doença nas últimas décadas. Considerando a facilidade de deslocamentos de suscetíveis para áreas de risco, e sua tendência de expansão, é provável que eventualmente todo o país tenha de adotar a vacinação rotineira. Porém, no processo decisório de ampliação da população candidata à vacinação, questões relacionadas à segurança vacinal têm sido destacadas. Apresentamos uma análise dos riscos e benefícios da vacinação e das estratégias para o controle da doença e prevenção da sua urbanização nas regiões onde a vacina ainda não é recomendada. Concluímos que a introdução da vacina contra a febre amarela no calendário de vacinação das crianças é uma estratégia proativa, de mais fácil operacionalização, como resposta ao aumento do número de casos de febre amarela silvestre no Brasil e tentativa de prevenção da reurbanização da doença.

Resumen: La fiebre amarilla es una enfermedad viral, potencialmente grave, transmitida por mosquitos Haemagogus, Aedes y Sabethes. La vacunación es la medida más importante para su prevención y control. En este artículo, analizamos las recomendaciones de vacunación en Brasil, según la epidemiología de la enfermedad en las últimas décadas. Considerando la facilidad de los desplazamientos de personas susceptibles hacia zonas de riesgo, y la tendencia de expansión de esta enfermedad, es probable que eventualmente todo el país tenga de adoptar la vacunación rutinaria. No obstante, en el proceso de decisión para la ampliación de la población candidata a la vacunación, se han destacado cuestiones relacionadas con la seguridad de la vacunación. Presentamos un análisis de los riesgos y beneficios de la vacunación y de las estrategias para el control de la enfermedad y prevención de su urbanización en las regiones donde la vacuna todavía no está recomendada. Concluimos que la introducción de la vacuna contra la fiebre amarilla en el calendario de vacunación de los niños es una estrategia proactiva, de más fácil operacionalización, como respuesta al aumento del número de casos de fiebre amarilla silvestre en Brasil, así como una tentativa de prevención frente a la reurbanización de la enfermedad.

Abstract: Yellow fever is a potentially severe viral disease transmitted by mosquitos of the genera Haemagogus, Aedes, and Sabethes. Vaccination is the most important measure for prevention and control of the disease. This article analyzes the immunization guidelines in Brazil based on epidemiology of the disease in recent decades. Considering the ease of human movement into areas at risk of transmission and the tendency for these areas to expand, in time the entire country will probably need to adopt routine vaccination. However, in the decision on expanding the target population for vaccination, vaccine safety issues have been emphasized. We present a risk-benefit analysis of vaccination and strategies for controlling the disease and preventing its urbanization in regions where the vaccine is still not recommended. We conclude that inclusion of the yellow fever vaccine on the childhood immunization schedule is a proactive, easily operationalized strategy as a response to the increase in the number of cases of sylvatic yellow fever in Brazil, and an attempt at preventing re-urbanization of the disease.

Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and consistency of production of a Brazilian combined vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b

A randomized, double-blinded study evaluating the immunogenicity, safety and consistency of production of a combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine entirely produced in Brazil by Bio-Manguinhos and Instituto Butantan (DTP/Hib-BM) was undertaken. The reference vaccine had the same DTP vaccine but the Hib component was produced using purified materials supplied by GlaxoSmithKline (DTP/Hib-GSK), which is registered and has supplied the Brazilian National Immunization Program for over more than five years. One thousand infants were recruited for the study and received vaccinations at two, four and six months of age. With respect to immunogenicity, the vaccination protocol was followed in 95.6 percent and 98.4 percent of infants in the DTP/Hib-BM and DTP/Hib-GSK groups, respectively. For the Hib component of the study, there was 100 percent seroprotection (>0.15 µg/mL) with all three lots of DTP/Hib-BM and DTP/Hib-GSK. The geometric mean titer (GMT) was 9.3 µg/mL, 10.3 µg/mL and 10.3 µg/mL for lots 1, 2 and 3 of DTP/Hib-BM, respectively, and the GMT was 11.3 g/mL for DTP/Hib-GSK. For diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, seroprotection was 99.7 percent, 100 percent and 99.9 percent, respectively, for DTP/Hib-BM, three lots altogether and 99.2 percent, 100 percent and 100 percent for DTP/Hib-GSK. GMTs were similar across all lots and vaccines. Adverse events rates were comparable among the vaccine groups. The Brazilian DTP/Hib vaccine demonstrated an immunogenicity and reactogenicity profile similar to that of the reference vaccine.