Manejo nutricional en los programas de rehabilitación respiratoria de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Nutritional management in pulmonary rehabilitation programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is estimated that at least one third of patients with moderate to severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have a significant alteration of their body composition, which is associated with deleterious clinical effects and higher mortality. However, there is a lack of evidence to support that dietary, pharmacological or both nutritional interventions have significant clinical benefits in COPD patients who are participating in a pulmonary rehabilitation program. At the present time the recommendation is to establish a nutritional diagnosis of the COPD patients from the beginning of the pulmonary rehabilitation program using the measurement of body mass index (BMI) and the estimation of the nutritional risk, which means a significant weight loss during a given period of time, followed by an individualized dietary and educational supplementation guide during at least 12 weeks.

Se estima que al menos un tercio de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica moderada y severa tienen una alteración significativa en su composición corporal, lo cual se asocia con efectos clínicos deletéreos y con una mayor mortalidad. Sin embargo, hay evidencia insuficiente para respaldar que los pacientes que participan en un programa de rehabilitación respiratoria se beneficien en forma significativa de las intervenciones nutricionales dietarias, farmacológicas o la asociación de ambas, aunque aparentemente los últimos estudios publicados parecen sugerirlo. La recomendación actual es establecer desde que el paciente ingresa a un programa de rehabilitación respiratoria tanto el diagnóstico nutricional mediante la determinación del índice de masa corporal como el riesgo nutricional que corresponde a una baja involuntaria significativa de peso en determinado intervalo de tiempo, entregando al paciente un plan de alimentación y educación individualizado que debiera tener una duración mínima de 12 semanas.

Alteraciones metabólicas asociadas al uso de terapia antipsicótica: [revisión] / Atypical antipsychotic induced weight gain and metabolic disorders: [revision]

The advent of new antipsychotic drugs has improved the treatment of schizophrenic patients as well as those suffering from other severe psychiatric disorders. Its widespread use, however, has been associated to the development of obesity and metabolic disturbances such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and increased coronary risk. This has caused a serious concern, due to the high cardiovascular mortality that prematurely affects these patients. The etiology of these abnormalities is still a matter of debate, although it is generally believed that the new antipsychotic drugs have a control stimulating effect on appetite, and their use is associated to an increased level of cortisol and to an insulin-resistance state. In addition, there is an increase in inflammatory mediator and cytokine production, induced by the pathophysiology of the schizophrenic process itself and also caused by the direct action of the antipsichotic drugs. In spite of the mounting evidence, the metabolic management of these patients is still deñcient. A cióse follow-up in the initial stages of the antipsychotic treatment is recommended, as well as giving advice about diet and physical exercise. Finally, when obesity or other conditions associated to metabolic syndrome appear, the recommendation is to switch to drugs with less secondary effects or to add adjuvant medications to improve the overall evolution of these patients.