Evaluación de Salud Mental durante la Pandemia por Covid-19, con App de Bienestar Mexicana / Evaluation of Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic with a Mental Health App in Mexico

Resumen Antecedentes. La inteligencia artificial (IA) simula los procesos cognitivos transducidos a sistemas informáticos; posibilita tomar decisiones con alto nivel de eficacia, ello permite hacer diagnósticos y predicciones clínicas con base en el análisis con algoritmos precisos. Una de las consecuencias de la pandemia por Covid-19 es el daño en salud mental en la población, la IA y la atención a distancia permite el diagnóstico e intervención de un número importante de personas que buscan apps y espacios virtuales de atención psicológica. Objetivo. Identificar los niveles de ansiedad, autoestima, depresión, fuerza personal, ideación suicida, duelo e inteligencia emocional empleando una app de bienestar durante la pandemia por Covid-19. Material y Método. Se trató de un diseño no probabilístico, no experimental, transversal, descriptivo, cuantitativo y comparativo. Se trató de una n= 30,466 mexicanos de todos los estados del país, usuarios de la aplicación de bienestar psicológico y salud mental Jenny Mindful, que respondieron los instrumentos ex profesos para esta investigación por convocatoria en la app. Procedimiento: mediante la app se envió invitación abierta para participar en la investigación de salud mental durante la pandemia por Covid-19, que incluía los instrumentos a contestar, objetivos, y las indicaciones, del 6 de febrero de 2020 al 3 de mayo de 2021. La app sólo arroja los resultados de los instrumentos contestados, identificando al usuario, el género, la edad; y en caso de los adultos, el rango de salario, la actividad laboral, la empresa de trabajo y el área. Resultados. Del total de los usuarios de la app que participaron, el 83.6% fueron mujeres; el 23% fueron adolescentes, el 45% adultos emergentes, el 31% adultos, y el 1% > 49 años de edad. Se encontraron niveles altos en la población con ansiedad, depresión, estrés e ideación suicida y duelo, con diferencias significativas mayores en mujeres, adolescentes y adultos emergentes; la autoestima con puntuaciones más altas en el grupo de mayores a 49 años. Fuerza personal e inteligencia emocional, factores ambos protectores, tuvieron significancia estadística a favor de adultos, mayores a 49 años, y puntuaciones bajas en el grupo de adolescentes. Conclusiones. Mediante la aplicación de instrumentos de salud mental con una app de bienestar psicológico, se pudo seleccionar a una n elevada de participantes de diferentes grupos etarios, identificando puntuaciones altas de ansiedad, depresión, e ideación suicida en niveles de riesgo, y con diferencias significativas en adolescentes, adultos emergentes, y mujeres. Los adultos mayores de 49 años tuvieron puntuaciones positivas en Fuerza personal e Inteligencia emocional.

Abstract Background. Artificial intelligence (AI) simulates cognitive processes transduced to computer systems. It allows making decisions with a high level of effectiveness, this permit making diagnoses and clinical predictions based on the algorithms. One of the consequences of Covid-19 disease is the damage to mental health in the population. AI and remote care allow the diagnosis and intervention of a significant number of people who are looking for apps and virtual spaces for psychological care. Objective. To identify the levels of anxiety, self-esteem, depression, personal strength, suicidal ideation, grief and emotional intelligence by means of a well-being app during the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and Methods. It was a non-probabilistic, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative and comparative design. Procedure. Through the app, an open invitation was sent to participate in mental health research during the Covid-19 pandemic, which included the instruments to be answered, objectives, and indications, from February six of 2020 to May Three of 2021. The app returns the results of the answered instruments, identifying the user, gender, age, and in the case of adults, the salary range, the work activity, the work company and the work area. Results. Of the total app users who participated, 83.6% were women; 23% were adolescents, 45% emerging adults, 31% adults, and 1% > 49 years of age. High levels of anxiety, depression, stress and suicidal ideation and grief were found in the population, with significant differences greater in women, adolescents, and emerging adults; self-esteem with higher scores in the group older than 49 years. Personal strength and emotional intelligence, both protective factors, had statistical significance in favor of adults, older than 49 years, and low scores in the group of adolescents. Conclusions. With the application of mental health instruments with a psychological well-being app, it was possible to select a high n of participants from different age groups, identifying high scores for anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation at risk levels, and with significant differences in adolescents, emerging adults, and women. Those over 49 years of age had positive scores on Personal Strength and Emotional Intelligence.

Artificial neural networks model: Neuropsychological variables and their relationship with body fat percentage in adults / Modelo de redes neuronales artificiales: Variables neuropsicológicas y su relación con el porcentaje de grasa corporal en adultos

Abstract There is a growing interest to understand the neural functions and substrates of complex cognitive processes related to Obesity (OB). Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being applied, specifically the perceptron model of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in non-communicable chronic diseases, to identify with greater certainty the connective factors (synaptic networks) between the input variables and the output variables associated. Objective Identify the synaptic weights of the ANN whose input variables are the executive functions (EF) and healthy lifestyles as predictors of Body Fat Percentage (BFP) in a group of adult subjects with different levels of BFP. Methods It was an exploratory, quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative, convenience, and explanatory research. The Neuropsychological Battery (BANFE-2) and the Overeating Questionnaire (OQ) were administered to 40 participants aged between 18-38 years. BFP was measured using a RENPHO ES-24M Smart Body Composition Scale. The perceptron ANN model with ten trials was applied with a multilayer-perceptron. Results The ANN showed that the sensory variables with greater synaptic weight for BFP were Stroop A and B Errors and Successes of BANFE-2, and OQ scales Rationalizations and Healthy Habits. Conclusions ANN proved to be important in the simultaneous analysis of neuropsychological and healthy lifestyle data for the analysis of OB prevention and treatment by identifying the variables that are closely related. These findings open the door for the use of non-linear analysis models, which allow the identification of relationships of different weights, between input and output variables, to more effectively direct interventions to modify obesity habits.

Resumen Existe un interés creciente por comprender las funciones neuronales y sustratos cognitivos complejos relacionados con la obesidad. Se está aplicando Inteligencia Artificial, en concreto el modelo perceptrón de Redes Neuronales Artificiales en enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, para identificar con mayor certeza los factores de conexión (redes sinápticas) entre las variables de entrada y las variables de salida. Objetivo Identificar pesos sinápticos de la RNA cuyas variables de entrada fueron las funciones ejecutivas y los estilos de vida saludable, como predictores del Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal en un grupo de sujetos adultos con diferentes niveles del Porcentaje de Grasa. Métodos se trató de una investigación exploratoria, cuantitativa, transversal, comparativa, de conveniencia y explicativa. Se administró la Batería Neuropsicológica (BANFE-2) y el Cuestionario de Sobreingesta (OQ), a 40 participantes con edades comprendidas entre los 18-38 años. El porcentaje de grasa se midió con una báscula de composición corporal (RENPHO ES-24M). El modelo redes neuronales de perceptrón, se ejecutó con diez ensayos. Resultados El modelo de Red Neuronal mostró que las variables sensoriales con mayor peso sináptico para el porcentaje de grasa, fueron Errores Stroop A y B y Aciertos de BANFE-2, y Racionalizaciones de las escalas OQ y Hábitos Saludables. Conclusiones las redes neuronales artificiales demostró ser importante en el análisis simultáneo de datos neuropsicológicos y de estilo de vida saludable para el análisis de prevención y tratamiento de la obesidad, al identificar las variables que están estrechamente relacionadas. Estos hallazgos abren la puerta al uso de modelos de análisis no lineales, que permiten identificar relaciones de diferente peso, entre variables de entrada y salida, más eficientes que los modelos lineales.

Deseo intenso por alimentos apetecibles: validación y estandarización del Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait en México / Intense craving for appetizing foods: validation and standardization of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait in Mexico

Resumen Introducción: El food craving o “ansia por comer” es una respuesta motivacional y fisiológica por comer alimentos específicos, principalmente con alto contenido calórico. Para evaluarlo se usa, entre otros, el Food Craving Questionnaire Trait, estructurado multidimensionalmente y validado en diversos países, el cual ha mostrado ser sensible y adaptable a los cambios contextuales-culturales. Objetivos: Validar y estandarizar el Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait en adultos de la Ciudad de México. Método: Estudio no experimental, transversal y aleatorizado de 1059 sujetos de uno y otro sexo, entre 18 y 84 años; 71.86 % del sexo femenino. Se examinaron propiedades psicométricas con análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios. Resultados: Se redujeron los factores del cuestionario y los ítems se reorganizaron de forma diferente al original. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró ajuste adecuado y estandarización aceptable de los factores. Se encontró alta consistencia interna para el cuestionario global (a = 0.973 y rho = 0.975) para cada uno de los factores. Conclusión: Este estudio determina la viabilidad del Food Craving Questionnaire para población de la Ciudad de México.

Abstract Introduction: Food craving is a motivational and physiological response for eating specific foods, mainly with high caloric content. To assess food craving, self-reports, inventories and questionnaires are used. The Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait is multi-dimensionally structured and has been validated in several countries, since it is sensitive and adaptable to contextual-cultural changes. Objectives: To validate and standardize the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait in adults of Mexico City. Method: Non-experimental, cross-sectional, randomized study of 1059 subjects of both genders, between 18 and 84 years of age; 71.86 % of the female gender. Psychometric properties were examined with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: The domains of the questionnaire were reduced and the items were reorganized differently from the original version. The confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit and acceptable standardization of factors. High internal consistency was found for the global questionnaire (a = 0.973 and rho = 0.975) for each one of the domains. Conclusion: This study determines the viability of the Food Cravings Questionnaire for the population of Mexico City.

Estudio genético del síncope vasovagal asociado al polimorfismo Arg389Gly del receptor adrenérgico beta1 / Genetic study of the vasovagal syncope associated to the Arg389Gly polymorphism of the beta1 adrenergic receptor

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the vasovagal syncope (VVS) and the beta1 adrenergic receptor polymorphism at the 389 position. Seventy individuals with VVS were selected. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by salting out and subjected to the amplification-restriction test. Genotype identification was made by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A higher frequency in genotype and allele frequencies were found in individuals with positive tilted table test respect individuals with negative test, as well as a marked preference of the GlyGly phenotype in women. Genotype Arg389Gly was the most frequent between individuals with positive response in passive phase with respect to those in the induced phase. When the genotype was analyzed based on the hemodynamic response (VASIS) a gradient is observed in the frequency of Arg389Gly with the highest major frequency in the cardio-inhibitory response followed by the mixed response, and finally the vasodepressor response. These results suggest that the SVV has a genetic component associated with the Arg389Gly polymorphism of the adrenergic receptor. The Gly allele has a high risk association and it is maintained in the population through heterozygosis.

Detección de una mutación en el gen KCNQ1 (KvLQT1) causante de síndrome de Jervell, Lange-Nielsen en una familia mexicana / KCNQ 1 (KvLQT1) missense mutation causing congenital long QT syndrome (Jervell-Lange-Nielsen) in a Mexican family

BACKGROUND: Long QT syndromes (LQTS) are inherited cardiac disorders caused by mutations in the genes that encode sodium or potassium transmembrane ion channel proteins. More than 200 mutations, in at least six genes, have been found in these patients. The Jervell and Lange-Nielsen (JLN) syndrome is the recessive form of the disease and is associated with deafness. Few families with JLN syndrome and genetic studies are reported in the literature. METHODS: The KCNQ1 (KvLQT1) gene in a Mexican family with Jervell-Lange-Nielsen long QT syndrome was analyzed using an automated sequence method. RESULTS: A missense mutation was found in the three affected individuals. This mutation is associated with complete loss of channel function. Correlation with the phenotype showed a prolonged QTc interval and deafness in the two siblings homozygous to the mutation. The mother, who was heterozygous for the mutation, also had prolonged QTc interval without deafness. The father and younger brother had normal QTc intervals. The mutation was not found in 50 healthy controls studied. CONCLUSIONS: We describe for the first time a mutation in the KCNQ1 gene in a Mexican family with JLN long QT syndrome. This mutation produces an amino acid change (Gly-Arg) at protein level at the 168 residue. This mutation has been previously reported in Caucasian families with LQTS.