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Climate change poses a significant challenge to global agriculture, with profound implications for plant disease dynamics and plant protection strategies. This review aims to synthesize current research on the impact of climate change on plant diseases, particularly focusing on how these changes affect pathogen life cycles, host resistance, and disease distribution. Emphasizing the Indian context, this paper explores the adaptation of plant protection strategies in response to these challenges, including the integration of traditional methods and advanced scientific approaches. It provides a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of climate change relevant to agriculture, including changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and atmospheric CO2 levels. It delves into the direct and indirect impacts of these climatic changes on plant diseases, highlighting how altered environmental conditions influence pathogen virulence and the susceptibility of host plants. This section also discusses the shifted patterns in pest and disease distribution due to climate change, with a focus on the Indian agricultural scenario. Then it examines the current challenges in plant protection, assessing the limitations of traditional methods like chemical, biological, and cultural control in the context of a changing climate. It identifies critical areas such as increased disease incidence, pathogen resistance development, and the necessity for sustainable and adaptable plant protection strategies. Further it explores various adaptive strategies, including Integrated Disease Management (IDM), advances in breeding for disease resistance, biotechnological approaches, and climate-smart agricultural practices. It outlines how IDM principles and practices are being adapted to new climate scenarios, the role of genetic engineering and traditional breeding in developing disease-resistant varieties, the development of biopesticides and biocontrol agents, and the application of climate forecasts in disease management. Case studies and practical applications from different regions of India provide real-world examples of effective adaptation strategies, drawing lessons and best practices. The review concludes by identifying research gaps, advocating for multidisciplinary collaborations between plant pathology, climatology, and agronomy, and emphasizing the critical role of policy in supporting adaptive strategies. This comprehensive synthesis and analysis aim to contribute to the broader understanding of plant protection in the era of climate change and guide future research and policy-making in this vital field.
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This review comprehensively examines the role of millets as a sustainable and resilient food source in the context of global climate change and escalating food security challenges. Millets, a group of small-seeded grasses traditionally grown in semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia, are re-emerging as crops of significance due to their remarkable adaptability to harsh environmental conditions and their rich nutritional profile. The review begins by outlining the various types of millets, including pearl, finger, and foxtail millet, and their geographic distribution, emphasizing their adaptability to diverse climatic conditions. It then delves into the nutritional aspects of millets, highlighting their high content of dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids, making them a potent solution to combat malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies prevalent in many developing regions. A critical focus is placed on the climate resilience of millets. Their exceptional drought tolerance, ability to thrive in poor soil conditions, lower water, and nutrient requirements compared to staple crops like wheat and rice, and resistance to pests and diseases underscore millets' potential as sustainable crops in increasingly unpredictable climatic scenarios. This resilience not only promises to bolster food security but also contributes to sustainable agricultural practices. It explores the challenges and limitations in millet cultivation, processing, consumer acceptance, and market integration. It highlights the current gaps in millet-focused agricultural policies, the need for improved processing technologies, and strategies to enhance consumer appeal and marketability. Innovations in millet breeding for enhanced traits, advances in processing technologies, and the impact of biotechnology and climate-smart agricultural practices are examined. These technological and scientific advancements present opportunities for overcoming existing challenges and enhancing the role of millets in global food systems. Also presents case studies from various countries, particularly India, illustrating successful initiatives in millet cultivation, integration into national food policies, and community-led efforts. These examples offer valuable insights into practical approaches for promoting millets.
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Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the fore most vegetable crop grown during kharif as well as summer seasons. Cercospora leaf spot incited by Cercospora spp. is one of the emerging disease in all regions wherever okra is grown. C. abelmoschi causes sooty black, angular spots and cause severe defoliation common during humid seasons. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of bioagents and chemicals viz., T0 – Untreated control,T1 Mancozeb (1%) + Trichoderma (4%), T2 - Mancozeb (1%) + Pseudomonas (4%), T3 Mancozeb (1%) + Bacillus subtilis (4%), T4 - Mancozeb (1%) + Trichoderma(2%) + Pseudomonas(2%) ,T5 - Mancozeb (1%) + Pseudomonas (2%) + Bacillus subtilis (2%), T6 Mancozeb (1%) + Bacillus subtilis (2%) + Trichoderma (2%), T7 - Mancozeb (1%) against Cercospora leaf spot of okra. Studies revealed that minimum disease intensity , Maximum plant height , maximum no. of branches per plant and Maximum no. of fruits was observed in T4 - Mancozeb (1%) + Trichoderma (2%) + Pseudomonas (2%) and is hereby considered as the best treatment.
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The advancement of plant protection strategies is integral to sustainable agriculture, food security, and ecological balance. While modern approaches i.e. chemical, biological, and technological - have contributed significantly to plant protection, they come with their own sets of challenges and limitations. Chemical methods, potent in their action, often result in environmental degradation, bioaccumulation of toxic substances, and the onset of resistance among pests. Biological approaches, although aligned with ecological principles, face difficulties related to scalability, variable effectiveness, and dependency on environmental conditions. On the technological front, innovative solutions such as drones, precision agriculture, and data analytics promise transformative change but are constrained by factors like high setup costs and technical expertise. Despite the achievements, there exist notable research gaps, especially concerning the long-term sustainability of these methods. Comprehensive studies are often lacking that holistically assess the social, economic, and environmental aspects of plant protection techniques. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the limitations of current strategies, identify existing research gaps, and suggest future prospects for making plant protection more efficient and sustainable. Areas for future research include the development of nano-pesticides for more targeted and eco-friendly applications, and the incorporation of adaptive methods to address challenges presented by climate change. The paper concludes that a multidisciplinary research approach is essential for overcoming existing challenges and for the development of more effective, sustainable plant protection strategies. Through an exhaustive review of current literature and case studies, this article serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, policymakers, and agricultural practitioners to navigate the complex landscape of modern plant protection methods, aiming to provoke thought and inspire action towards more sustainable solutions.
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The present study was carried out in PG Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha on morphometry of greater wax moth (G. mellonella L.). Under laboratory condition, we observed the incubation period of greater wax moth was 8.55±0.42 days. The seven successive larval instars lasted for the following number of days i.e.,4.64±0.36, 5.04±0.51, 6.05±0.62, 7.07±0.41, 8.15±0. 59, 8.41±0.52 and 9.12±0.47 days. Prepupa and pupa lasted, 1.69±0.52 and 8.63±0.38 days,respectively. Adult males lived for 16.79±1.48 days on average, compared to 6.92±0.49 days for females. Females had pre-ovipositional, ovipositional and post-ovipositional durations of 1.13±0.33, 3.78±0.43 and 1.19±0.28 days, respectively. On average females lay 784.01±42.77eggs per female and 167.91±43.64 eggs per female on each day.