Submental intubation as an alternative to tracheostomy for patients with panfacial fractures: a case series

Maxillofacial surgical procedures for panfacial trauma present unique challenges for both surgeons and anesthesiologists. In cases of such injuries, the choice of intubation method becomes critical, especially when temporary airway management is needed intraoperatively due to difficult oral and nasal access and frequent dental occlusion. This study highlighted our experience with submental intubation as an alternative to tracheostomy for airway management in three adult male patients with complex panfacial fractures. The technique of submental intubation involves redirecting the proximal end of an endotracheal tube through the floor of the mouth and the submental region. This approach offers a nontraditional means of airway maintenance with minimal complications and increased safety margins. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of submental intubation in managing the airway of patients with complex maxillofacial fractures, assessing factors such as duration of intubation, the incidence of accidental extubation, postoperative complications, as well as a review of literature available previously highlighting the indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages associated with submental intubation. A study of three cases involving panfacial fractures where submental intubation was performed between December 2023 and January 2024 was done. On completion of the procedure, all three patients were successfully extubated on the table without any major intraoperative or postoperative complications.

A rare prostatic tumour masquerading clinically as benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostatic tumours are usually benign. Malignant tumours are usually adenocarcinoma. Rare benign prostate tumours include inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours, which can be found in various body parts and are frequently identified in the lung or abdominal cavity of children and young adults. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours of the urinary tract present more often in kidneys. Prostatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours are sporadic and rare. Presenting 44 years old male with complaints of gross hematuria for 15 days with recurrent urine retention. Per rectal examination revealed, grade II prostate enlargement was firm in consistency. PSA was mildly raised (4.4 ng/ml). Ultrasound abdomen showed enlarged prostate (volume -40 cc) with irregular margins and heterogeneous echo texture showing increased flow on colour Doppler. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) showed a well-defined irregular heterogeneously echoic mass in the transitional zone, but TRUS biopsy showed no malignancy. After TURP, prostate chip examination showed inflammatory myofibroblastic pseudotumour of the prostate. Di?erentiation of inflammatory myofibroblastic prostate tumours from malignant tumours through imaging and laboratory tests is di?cult. A case of prostatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour observed after transurethral resection of the prostate to treat prostate hyperplasia in a 44-year-old man is presented in this report.

A must know compendium of genital chlamydia for health care providers

Chlamydia comprises the largest proportion of all sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. It is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular bacterium and exists in two stages; an extracellular elementary body which is an infectious state and an intracellular reticulate body, a dormant state. The elementary body increases the risk of transfer of chlamydial infection during oral, genital or anal sex. On the other hand, the vegetative state of the reticulate body promotes the chance of latent and recurrent infection. In 2020, WHO estimated 129 million new chlamydia infections. Most of the chlamydial infections are asymptomatic (85-90%) which promotes transfer between partners. If untreated, it can lead to an ascending infection which greatly impacts sexual and reproductive health. In addition, it can infect the baby around childbirth and may result in stillbirth or neonatal death. The immuno-pathogenesis of the chlamydial infection is predominantly evoked by major outer membrane protein (MOMP), a dominant chlamydial antigen on the cell wall; along with the chlamydial antigen, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) triggers host immune responses. The innate and adaptive immune responses result in extensive fibrosis and permanent damage to the fallopian tube resulting in tubal factor infertility and ectopic tubal pregnancy. The improved strategies in screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow up of Chlamydial infection can have noticeable effects on prevention of incidence, retarding the progression and avoiding recurrence of infection leading to a reduction in the global burden of STIs and the consequent adverse neonatal outcome.

Nutritional status assessment of 6-59 months age children in rural Yadgir, Karnataka state, India

Background: Childhood undernutrition contributes to childhood diseases and is a major cause of child mortality in India. According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 32% under-five children in India were under-weight, and 36% were stunted. In Karnataka, the prevalence of underweight among under-five children was 33% and stunting 35%. The objective of the study was to assess the nutritional status of under five-years children in rural communities. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 1887 under-five children from rural Yadgir, Karnataka. Weight and height of children were measured using standard protocols. The World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software version 3.2.2.1 was used for analyzing data. Children whose Z-scores on weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height indices were below -2SD from the median of the WHO reference population were considered as underweight, stunted, and wasted respectively. Results: The result revealed that 53.6% of children were stunted, 39.4% were underweight and 15.3% were wasted. Severe forms of underweight, stunting and wasting were observed among 9.4%, 24.2% and 4% children respectively. The frequency of being underweight and stunted has increased with age, which was accelerated after 6 months and about 34% and 52% of children were underweight and stunted by the age 12-23 months. While wasting was higher among children aged 6-11 (24.2%) months than their counterparts. Conclusions: Special attention is required to reduce nutrition vulnerability among young children (12-24 months). An appropriate strategy needs to be implemented to educate rural mothers on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices.

A rare cause of epididymo-orchitis

Epididymo-orchitis is an inflammatory lesion of the testis and epididymis with a lymphocytic exudate. Patients with acute epididymo-orchitis typically present with scrotal pain, swelling, tenderness and fever. Here, we present a patient with scrotal pain and hemiscrotal swelling as the main complaints; however further investigations revealed a completely different and rare diagnosis. Zinner抯 syndrome is a very rare developmental anomaly of the Wolffian duct. To date, only about 200 cases have been diagnosed. It is a triad of unilateral renal agenesis, ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst and ejaculatory duct obstruction. Some patients remain asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, while others present with symptoms related to seminal vesicle cysts or ejaculatory duct obstruction: voiding or ejaculatory difficulty or pain. Treatment options include transurethral or transrectal aspiration and percutaneous drainage, however both are linked to an increased risk of recurrence. Symptomatic, complicated and recurrent cyst will require excision of the cyst, either laparoscopically or robotically.

Knowledge attitude and practice towards COVID-19 booster dose among health care workers: a cross sectional study

Background: Amidst the emerging COVID-19 variants worldwide, India started the COVID precautionary or booster dose vaccination by early 2022. Protecting the healthcare force is crucial, as they are critical drivers in increasing vaccine uptake among the public. Objective was to assess COVID-19 Booster dose vaccine coverage among Health Care Workers (HCWs) and to know the reasons for vaccine booster dose hesitancy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among health care workers in Vijayapura city, during April-May 2022. The questionnaire in google form was shared to the target population, wherever necessary phone in interview was done. Data was tabulated in MS office Excel and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Out of 275 participants from different levels of health care system, 50% were males, 75% in age group <40 years and 67% were from urban area. 37% of the participants took precautionary dose of vaccine against COVID-19. Among those who did not take a booster shot, 22.5% were hesitant to take the vaccine and the reasons were: “Lack of faith in vaccination”, “two doses are sufficient”, and “Fear of side effects”. Socio demographic factors such as age, gender and residence were found to be statistically significant with the COVID Booster vaccination status. Conclusions: Majority health workers are aware of booster dose vaccination, reasons for not taking booster dose were mainly lack of need and fear of side effects.

A rare case report of accessory thyroid in the superior mediastinum in the form of multinodular goiter

Retrosternal expansion of a goiter is one of the most common types of mass in the upper mediastinum. Although there is no clear definition of retrosternal, substernal, or mediastinal goiter in the literature, it usually refers to an extension of thyroid tissue from the cervical part that continues to the anterior mediastinum of the aortic arch. One of the interesting features of these cervical mediastinal lesions is that they may not be continuous. Such goiter types classically present with compression symptoms such as dyspnea, dysphonia, dysphagia, or sleep apnea, and less frequently, these masses can compress neurovascular structures, leading to superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome and Horner’s syndrome. In our case report, A 47-year-old female from North Karnataka presented to the hospital with history of dyspnea, dysphonia, and dysphagia persisting for the last 3 years. After careful examination and investigation, a diagnosis of thymoma was made initially. However, upon biopsy of the excised tumor, unexpected finding was revealed, it was identified as a multinodular goiter (MNG) rather than a thymoma.

Heart attack encroaching fourth decade: autopsy study of western Maharashtra

Background: Indians are known to have the highest coronary artery disease (CAD) rates, and the conventional risk factors fail to explain this increased risk. At present, India has the highest burden of acute coronary syndrome and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: An autopsy study of 6 years: January 2015 to December 2020 which included heart specimens affected by MI from medicolegal autopsies received in histopathology section. The received heart specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and processed as per routine histotechniques with H&E stain and slides prepared were studied under light microscopy. Results: Maximum number of myocardial infarction cases 21 (23.5%) were seen in the age group of 41-50. Commonest histopathological pattern noted was Healed myocardial infarction 38 (42.6%), followed by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 29 (32.5%) then acute with healed myocardial infarction (AHMI) 22 (24.7%). Conclusions: Atherosclerosis being the most common cause of MI but frequency of non-atherosclerotic myocardial infarction is rising in 4th decade which is a matter of concern. The study of human atherosclerotic lesion is an extremely difficult task in a living subject and an autopsy study is the best possible way to work on it.

Students� perspective on absenteeism: a cross-sectional study among students at government medical colleges of Western Maharashtra

Background: The professional courses as undergraduate medical education need high theoretical and clinical classes attendance as those students will be future doctors and will deal with the health and disease of the public. In spite of implementing strict policies regarding student attendance, the rate of absenteeism in medical colleges remains high and is a growing apprehension a phenomenon that is also on the rise in universities worldwide. Methods: A cross-sectional study in few Governments Medical Colleges of Western region of Maharashtra using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was collected and analysed through Google forms. Results: Preparatory leave before every examination required (50.7%), air-conditioned classrooms (49.7%), good ventilated classrooms (44.1%), interactive teachers (41.8%), decrease lecture duration (38%), more practical less theory classes (37.6%) and good transportation facilities (34.3%) were various major suggestions given by students to increase the overall attendance. Conclusions: Feedback from students must be repeatedly considered while designing and revising the curriculum to reduce absenteeism.

Maternal understanding and practices of breastfeeding and infant feeding in rural North Karnataka: a cross sectional study

Background: Child-malnutrition is a critical global concern supported by substantial evidence. Recognizing optimal infant and young child-feeding practices as pivotal in combating malnutrition is crucial. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted through house-to-house survey in Ukkali and Shivanagi villages for period of 6 months from February 2018 to July 2018. A pretested-questionnaire was administered to 133mothers of 6 to 12-month-old children, collecting socio-demographic data, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding prelacteal, breastfeeding, and complementary-feeding. Results: Knowledge gaps emerged, with only 50% understanding colostrum's importance. Limited awareness of exclusive breastfeeding (65%) and extended breastfeeding (31.57%) was observed. Prelacteal-feeding was widespread (52.63%), with sugar-water being a prevalent choice (21.8%). Most mothers (over 90%) opted for breastfeeding, yet timely initiation (27.6%) and exclusive-breastfeeding (30%) were suboptimal. Complementary-feeding initiation (15%) and minimum-meal-frequency adherence (13.3%) were low. Meal-diversity was deficient in over 60%. Conclusions: Bridging knowledge gaps and promoting optimal-feeding-practices through targeted nutritional education is essential. This study underscores the importance of addressing misconceptions, enhancing early-breastfeeding, and ensuring proper complementary-feeding to improve child-health outcomes. Socio-demographic-factors must be considered when designing educational material and interventions in rural-settings.

Disseminated tuberculosis presenting as chronic pancreatitis, a rare case report

Disseminated tuberculosis (TB) refers to concurrent involvement of at least two non-contiguous organ sites of the body, or involvement of the blood or bone marrow by tuberculosis process. Pancreatic TB is a rare manifestation of such a common disease possibly due to protective pancreatic enzymes. We described a case report of a patient who presented with chronic pancreatitis with pancreatic pseudocyst with empyema of left lung which intraoperatively was a psoas abscess which was managed by drainage of the abscess and Intercostal tube placement and thoracoscopic drainage of empyema and its adhesiolysis. Histopathology revealed tuberculous granulation tissue of psoas muscle biopsy and in thoracoscopic scrapings. Patient became symptomless since the surgery and initiation of anti-tubercular therapy.

Studies on Genetic Variability and Associations of Fruit and Shoot Borer Infestation for Yield Attributing Traits in Transgressive Segregating Populations of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

In the F2 generation of eggplants, resulting from the crosses between Bilichandubadane and Mullubadane in the F1 generation, a considerable level of variability was observed. These eggplant varieties, cultivated in an augmented design at ZARS Shimogga during the Kharif season of 2017, display numerous significant plant breeding characteristics and hold great potential for further improvement under varying growing conditions. The F2 investigation unveiled substantial diversity in nine quantitative traits. The strong correlation between the Genetic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) values suggests that environmental factors have a relatively minor influence on the expression of these studied traits. Importantly, characteristics such as the number of fruits per plant, the number of primary branches, and the number of flowers per plant exhibited a substantial genetic contribution, as indicated by their high GCV and PCV values, in addition to significant broad sense heritability and genetic advancement. This implies that these traits are mainly governed by additive genes and can be effectively enhanced through selection without necessitating progeny testing. Furthermore, the high heritability values observed for most traits indicate considerable potential for improving yield and its components through selective breeding. Differences in mean values among the parent plants in various characteristics suggest the involvement of diverse parent plants in the crosses studied. Additionally, the F2 plants displayed superior performance in most traits compared to either of the parent plants, which can be attributed to the phenomenon of transgressive segregation.

Participation of Head Reach and Tail-end Farmers and their Relation between Profile Characteristics in Water Users’ Associations in Tungabhadra Command Area of Koppal District of Karnataka, India

The present study conducted during Kharif 2020 investigates the participation of head reach and tail-end farmers within Water Users' Associations (WUAs) in the Tungabhadra Command Area of Koppal district. The study aims to understand and compare the engagement levels of farmers situated at different positions within the irrigation system. Using an ex-post facto research design, data was collected from 120 farmers across twelve WUAs in Gangavathi and Karatagi taluks. Statistical analysis revealed distinctive patterns in the participation of head reach and tail-end farmers within these associations. The findings suggest that head reach farmers, benefiting from assured water access, exhibited moderate to poor levels of participation in WUAs. Contrarily, tail-end farmers, often facing water scarcity issues, demonstrated better engagement levels, effectively managing available water resources through diverse agricultural practices. Moreover, an in-depth analysis explored the relationship between profile characteristics and farmers' participation in WUAs. Variables such as social participation, economic and achievement motivations, extension contacts, and management orientations significantly influenced farmers' involvement in water management activities. Therefore, the findings emphasize the need for training programs and interactive sessions between farmers, WUA officials, and authorities to enhance effective water resource utilization. Further, understanding the varying levels of participation based on geographical advantage or disadvantage can help tailor strategies to improve equitable water distribution and management within these associations.

Farmer’s Sagaciousness on Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies in Agriculture: A Case Study in Hyatimundaragi Village of Koppala District of Karnataka, India

Climate change is recognized as one of the leading challenges affecting the performance of agriculture and the livelihood of people. Farmers are the hardest hit as they have to continuously respond to climate variations. In order to know farmers' perception of climate change and its impacts and to identify adaptation needs semi-structured questionnaire surveys were carried out in Hyatimundaragii village of Koppala district, Karnataka. Farmers have faced climate variability and noticed increasing temperature, delayed onset of rainfall, intermittent rainfall, prolonged drought conditions, depletion of the water table, untimely filling of water bodies, increased incidence of pests and diseases, livestock diseases, and decreasing soil moisture as the critical factors affecting their cultivation, decrease yield and quality of crop produce. Some of them have started to adapt to these changes by soil conservation measures like the construction of graded bunds, mulching, green manuring and sorghum+pigeonpea intercropping, crop rotation, cultivating drought, pest and disease resistance short duration varieties, providing lifesaving irrigation to crops.

Rice Blast Forecasting Using Interval Valued Data at Coimbatore, India

Aims: The persistence of rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, continues to pose a significant threat to rice production worldwide, impacting both yields and food security. The primary goal of this study is to apply interval-valued independent weather data to accurately model the dependent variable of percentage disease incidence.Study Design: In this paper, we present a detailed study on forecasting rice blast outbreaks through the application of Average method, Center method and Min Max method using interval valued weather data and percentage disease incidence.Place and Duration of Study: The blast disease data include percent disease incidence (PDI) collected at the Paddy Breeding Station (PBS), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, from 2018 to 2021.And Weather variables includes the following: Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature, Relative humidity (morning), Relative humidity (evening) from 2018 to 2021.Methodology: The available interval weather parameter data and disease incidence data are utilized to fit a regression model, specifically employing simple linear regression and multiple linear regression, in the R version 4.3.0.Results: Upon analyzing various methods, it is evident that the variables of Minimum temperature exhibit a significant relationship with a high level of significance, indicating a significance level at P 0.001.Conclusion: Minimum temperature shows more contribution in disease incidence followed by relative humidity at evening.

Effect of Inorganic Fertilizer and Spacing on the Plant Growth of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus costaricencis) under Tamil Nadu Agro-Climatic Conditions

The dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricencis) is a new emerging fruit crop, there is very less information available on the spacing and fertilizer dose requirements of this crop so the present study was carried out to find the effect of fertilizer doses, spacings, and interaction effect of both on plant growth of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricencis) at the Orchard, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. during the year 2022. The design of the experiment was a split plot with four main plots viz. M1 = 3.5 x 2.0 m2, M2 = 3.0 x 3.0 m2, M3 = 3.0 x 2.5 m2, M4 = 2.5 x 2.5 m2 and six sub plots viz. S1 = N540 P420 K360, S2 = N495 P385 K330, S3 = N450 P350 K300, S4 = N340 P260 K225, S5 = N225 P175 K150, S6 = N0 P0 K0 g per pillar was applied and replicate four times. A significant difference was observed in terms of vine length (m), cladode girth (cm), cladode length (cm), and cladode number when different doses of fertilizers were applied. The highest vine length (2.96), cladode girth (24.52), cladode length (67.21), and number of cladodes (67.48) were observed in S3 (N450 P350 K300). Similarly, the highest vine length (2.503) and cladode girth (19.78) were observed in M4 (2.5 x 2.5 m2). The highest cladode length (67.47) was observed in treatment combination M2S3. Hence, the application of fertilizer dose S3 (N450 P350 K300) and adoption of spacing M4 (2.5 x 2.5 m2) is good to enhance the vegetative growth characters of dragon fruit under Tamil Nadu conditions.

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of gluma desensitiser vs diode laser in treating dentinal hypersensitivity: an in vivo study

Background: There are different types of adhesives and resins available today for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Literature search showed fewer comparative studies using gluma desensitizing agent and diode laser (940nm) in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Hence, the aim of present study is to compare the efficacy of gluma desensitizing agent and diode laser (940 nm) in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Methods: Patients were selected using VAS scale and randomly divided into group 1 (gluma) and group 2 (diode laser). Gluma and laser treatment was done for the patients on the contralateral sides. The follow up was done at an interval of 1 month and 3 months. Results: Statistically significant difference was seen in intra group comparison for both gluma and laser treatment but no statistically significant difference was seen in the intergroup comparison of both the groups. Conclusions: Both gluma and diode laser treatment were found to be equally effective for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.

Health status of inmates of homes for persons with disabilities in Central India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Disability is not just a health problem or attribute of individuals, but it reflects difficulties that individuals may experience in physical movements and interaction with society. Studies have indicated that persons with disabilities may experience a poorer health and quality of life than the general population. Inmates most commonly suffer from mental disorders with/without multiple disabilities. Musculoskeletal disorders and injuries were the most common morbidities identified. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study to assess health status was conducted in various homes for persons with disabilities in Central India in 130 subjects out of which 64.62% were male and 35.38% were female. Results: In present study, maximum i.e., 18 (13.85%) of study subjects were having fatigue followed by cold 15 (11.54%), throat pain 13 (10%), Generalized pain (not otherwise specified) 12 (9.23%), pain in abdomen 7 (5.38%) at the time of examination. Health status reveals that maximum number 49 (37.69%) of study subjects were having anaemia followed by 15 (11.54%) rhinitis. Conclusions: Predominant morbidities observed in study subjects are underweight, anemia, and hypertension while refractive error, diabetes mellitus these were present in few study subjects. Regular health check-ups or camps should be organized for diagnosis and management of health problems of persons with disabilities.

Assessment of HIV-TB co-infection in newly diagnosed HIV positive patients and their correlation with CD4 and viral load

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) constitute a major burden of infectious diseases in India. TB is the most common opportunistic infection and a leading cause of death among HIV positive patients. This study was conducted to assess the HIV–TB co-infection in newly diagnosed HIV patients and correlate co-infection with CD4 and viral load (VL). Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out from January 2021 to June 2022 at ART center of a tertiary care hospital. Screening for TB was done by GeneXpert and Radiology. These patients were monitored for absolute CD4 count by flow cytometer and VL by Real time PCR. Results: Among 380 newly diagnosed HIV patients screened, 94 (24.70%) had HIV-TB coinfection. Of these, 42 (44.6%) were pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 52 (55.3%) were extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) of 42 patients with PTB, 31 (73.80%) were microbiologically confirmed by GeneXpert whereas of 52 patients with EPTB, 33 (63.46%) were diagnosed clinically and radio-logically. Of 94 patients, only 55 patients could be followed up further at 6 months. Of 55 patients, 33 (60%) had CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 and 2 (3.6%) had baseline VL?1000 copies/ml. 46.80% patients completed their anti-tubercular treatment. Conclusions: EPTB was more as compared to PTB. Co-infection was more with low CD4 counts. Hence, CD4 test can be used as a good immunological marker in co-infection. The study highlights the need of periodic screening of newly diagnosed HIV patients for TB and their monitoring for CD4 and VL.

Assessment of HIV-TB co-infection in newly diagnosed HIV positive patients and their correlation with CD4 and viral load

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) constitute a major burden of infectious diseases in India. TB is the most common opportunistic infection and a leading cause of death among HIV positive patients. This study was conducted to assess the HIV–TB co-infection in newly diagnosed HIV patients and correlate co-infection with CD4 and viral load (VL). Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out from January 2021 to June 2022 at ART center of a tertiary care hospital. Screening for TB was done by GeneXpert and Radiology. These patients were monitored for absolute CD4 count by flow cytometer and VL by Real time PCR. Results: Among 380 newly diagnosed HIV patients screened, 94 (24.70%) had HIV-TB coinfection. Of these, 42 (44.6%) were pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 52 (55.3%) were extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) of 42 patients with PTB, 31 (73.80%) were microbiologically confirmed by GeneXpert whereas of 52 patients with EPTB, 33 (63.46%) were diagnosed clinically and radio-logically. Of 94 patients, only 55 patients could be followed up further at 6 months. Of 55 patients, 33 (60%) had CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 and 2 (3.6%) had baseline VL?1000 copies/ml. 46.80% patients completed their anti-tubercular treatment. Conclusions: EPTB was more as compared to PTB. Co-infection was more with low CD4 counts. Hence, CD4 test can be used as a good immunological marker in co-infection. The study highlights the need of periodic screening of newly diagnosed HIV patients for TB and their monitoring for CD4 and VL.