RESUMEN
Aim : Currently no data is available on the safety profile of COVID-19 Vaccines like Covaxin and Sputnik V from Eastern India. Our aim was to evaluate the safety profiles of Covaxin and Sputnik V Vaccine in Eastern India. Methods : 0.5 ml of Covaxin and Sputnik V given to 701 adults in a two-dose regimen at a private tertiary care Hospital, Kolkata, with the doses separated by 4-7 weeks in Covaxin and 3 weeks in Sputnik V. Data regarding local and systemic Adverse Event Following Immunizations (AEFIs) was collected 30 minutes after vaccination and also on the first- and seventh-day following vaccination after each dosage. Results : Incidence of AEFI was 65% and 59% following the first dose of vaccination in Covaxin and Sputnik V groups, respectively. Incidence of AEFI was 83% and 70% after the second dose in Covaxin and Sputnik V groups. Pain in the injection site was the most common adverse effect. Body-ache, fever and tiredness were other systemic side effects. Adverse effects were noticeably more after the second dose. Over half of the reactions were mild in nature. Covaxin had a higher number of moderate adverse reactions after both doses. Adults with age >40 years, Comorbidities, Hypertension and Diabetes had a smaller number of side effects following the first dose of vaccination. People with previous COVID-19 infections had noticeably fewer adverse effects after the second dose. Allergic adults were associated with more systemic side effects, whereas Hypertensive adults had less total AEFI. Conclusion : Both Covaxin and Sputnik V had favorable safety profiles. Sputnik V vaccine had significantly fewer AEFIs compared to Covaxin. Age, co-morbidities, specifically hypertension, Diabetes, Allergy and previous history of COVID-19 infection, were important variables observed in the prevalence of side effects.
RESUMEN
Infectious diarrhoea in neonates of animals is one of the most common and economically important conditions encountered in the livestock industry. Faecal samples (n=210) from diarrhoeic neonatal goat-kids of different livestock sheds of ICAR-CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura (U.P.), were aseptically collected, and immediately processed for isolation of bacterial pathogens and parasitic evaluation. A total of 178 isolates of E. coli from 210 samples were identified on the basis of cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. Out of 178 E. coli isolates, 3.93 % (7/178) isolates were identified as STEC by PCR amplification of stx-1 and stx-2 gene. A total of 64 isolates of E. coli were sent to National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli for the serotyping. The common serogroups of E. coli responsible for neonatal diarrhoea in goat-kids were identified as O36, O26, O59, O29, O43, O91, O82, O9 and O171, out of which, 46.15% were O36, O26 and O59. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was detected in 46 samples out of 148 faecal samples by ZN staining and nested PCR.Based on cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics,16 isolates of Salmonella spp. and 5 of Klebsiella spp. were identified from 210 fecal samples. The present study concluded that E. coli followed by Cryptosporidium spp. and Salmonella spp. were the prevalent infectious agents associated with neonatal diarrhoea in goat-kids
RESUMEN
Sheep and goats, being hardy and prolific in their growth, play a crucial role in cultural and socioeconomic life of rural poor under privileged people in Afro-Asian countries by providing meat, milk, wool and hide to them. Gastrointestinal helminthic infections are worldwide problem in ruminants. They results considerable loss in them causing mortality and poor production. Various helminthes types like trematodes, cestodes and nematodes are prevalent in different climates and geographical regions depending on rearing systems, intermediate host’s availability and management practices. Epidemiology of helminthic diseases, though variable at times, is determined by various factors like treatment, climate and poverty (socio-economic and traditional practices). The study oversees gastrointestinal helminthic challenges in goats and sheep faced in Afro-Asian region in last decade. Methodology involves exhaustive exercise of screening and massive literature hunt which included published research, both abstracts and full length papers on the subject in last 10 years in addition to authors own observations. The diseases like Fasciolosis, Dicrocoelosis, Amphistomosis in trematodes, Monieziosis, Avitellinosis in cestodes and Haemonchosis, Trichostronglylosis, Oesophagostomosis, Trichuriosis, Strongyloidosis in nematodes were still serious challenges in the region threatening the small ruminant production. Frequent reports on Marshallgia, Ostertagia, Nematodirus, Stilesia, Thysaniezia spp. from this region showed emerging threats. Infections like Camelostrongylus, Graphidiops, Parabronema and Skrjabinema spp. were scarcely distributed. The paper reviews scientific work and developments of last 10 years on occurrence, distribution and epidemiology of common gastrointestinal helminthic infections of sheep and goats in Afro-Asian region with future research prospective in light of newer scientific approaches