FANCD2 Western blot as a diagnostic tool for Brazilian patients with Fanconi anemia

Fanconi anemia is a rare hereditary disease showing genetic heterogeneity due to a variety of mutations in genes involved in DNA repair pathways, which may lead to different clinical manifestations. Phenotypic variability makes diagnosis difficult based only on clinical manifestations, therefore laboratory tests are necessary. New advances in molecular pathogenesis of this disease led researchers to develop a diagnostic test based on Western blot for FANCD2. The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of this method for the diagnosis of 84 Brazilian patients with Fanconi anemia, all of whom tested positive for the diepoxybutane test, and 98 healthy controls. The FANCD2 monoubiquitinated isoform (FANCDS+/FANCD2L-) was not detected in 77 patients (91.7 percent). In 2 patients (2.4 percent), there was an absence of both the monoubiquitinated and the non-ubiquitinated proteins (FANCD2S-/FANCD2L-) and 5 patients (5.9 percent) had both isoforms (FANCD2S+/FANCD2L+). This last phenotype suggests downstream subtypes or mosaicism. All controls were diepoxybutane negative and were also negative on the FANCD2 Western blot. The Western blot for FANCD2 presented a sensitivity of 94 percent (79/84) and specificity of 100 percent (98/98). This method was confirmed as an efficient approach to screen Brazilian patients with deleterious mutations on FANCD2 (FANCD2S-/FANCD2L-) or other upstream genes of the FA/BRCA pathway (FANCDS+/FANCD2L-), to confirm the chromosome breakage test and to classify patients according to the level of FA/BRCA pathway defects. However, patients showing both FANCD2 isoforms (FANCD2S+/FANCD2L+) require additional studies to confirm mutations on downstream Fanconi anemia genes or the presence of mosaicism.

Frequency of Fanconi anemia in Brazil and efficacy of screening for the FANCA 3788-3790del mutation

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, susceptibility to cancer and multiple congenital anomalies. There is important clinical variability among patients and the knowledge of factors which might predict outcome would greatly help the decision making regarding the choices of treatment and the appropriate time to start it. Future studies of the possible correlation between specific mutations with specific clinical presentations will provide the answer to one of these factors. At our Center we standardized a rapid and precise screening test using a mismatch PCR assay for a specific mutation (3788-3790del in exon 38 of gene FANCA) in Brazilian FA patients. We present the results obtained after screening 80 non-consanguineous FA patients referred from all regions of Brazil with a clinical diagnosis of FA supported by cellular hypersensitivity to diepoxybutane. We were able to detect the 3788-3790del allele in 24 of the 80 (30 percent) FA patients studied. Thirteen of the 80 (16.25 percent) were homozygotes and 11 of the 80 (13.75 percent) were compound heterozygotes, thus confirming the high frequency of the FANCA 3788-3790del mutation in Brazilian FA patients. The identification of patients with specific mutations in the FA genes may lead to a better clinical description of this condition, also providing data for genotype-phenotype correlations, to a better understanding of the interaction of this specific mutation with other mutations in compound heterozygote patients, and ultimately to the right choices of treatment for each patient with improvement of the prognosis on future studies.

Rapid diagnosis of falciparum malaria by detection of Plasmodium falciparum HRP-2 antigen.

OBJECTIVE: Malaria is a resurging problem all over the country and rapid diagnosis is mandatory to decrease the morbidity and mortality and for control of malaria. In the current study the aim was to evaluate the usefulness of rapid Plasmodium falciparum antigen detection and to compare its utility over conventional peripheral thick and thin smear examination. METHODS: Three hundred fifty seven randomly selected patients with pyrexia and or atypical presentations of malaria, found initially negative for malaria were subjected to thick and thin smear examination and Plasmodium falciparum antigen detection test by using commercially available Parasight F. kit. RESULTS: 54.6% of cases presented with pyrexia, while other presentations of falciparum malaria were less frequently encountered (162/357). Eighty five patients (23.8%) were diagnosed as having falciparum malaria based on smear/Parasight F. Test. Eighty- four of these patients were positive for Parasight F. test and only 34.51% of these cases were also positive on smear examination. CONCLUSION: The antigen detection test for Plasmodium falciparum is useful for rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It could detect 65.5% cases of falciparum malaria which were initially negative by peripheral smear examination. Hence, this technique is superior to peripheral smear staining and helps early diagnosis.