RESUMEN
Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las hemorragias durante el primer trimestre del embarazo son un problema que se atiende en la práctica clínica obstétrica diaria. Las conductas de atención suelen estar protocolizadas en casi todas las instituciones; sin embargo, la evidencia científica actual sugiere que algunas de esas conductas no tienen una evidencia sólida que las apoye. OBJETIVO: Revisar la bibliografía reciente y resumir las principales recomendaciones para la atención de casos de hemorragia en el primer trimestre del embarazo. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio retrospectivo basado en la búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos en inglés que contuvieran los términos MeSH: "First Trimester", "Hemorrhage", "Bleeding", "Ectopic Pregnancy" "Abortion", "Incomplete Abortion", "Miscarriage", "Early Pregnancy Loss", "Threatened Abortion" y "Gestational Trophoblastic Disease". Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos controlados, estudios de casos y controles, estudios de cohorte prospectivos y retrospectivos, guías de práctica clínica, protocolos, revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis incluidos en la base de datos PubMed de 2014 a 2021. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 54 artículos completos, de los que se descartaron 38 por duplicidad en la información, falta de pertinencia o no actualizados. Al final, solo se incluyeron 16 artículos para la revisión narrativa. CONCLUSIONES: Las hemorragias durante el primer trimestre, si bien son frecuentes no dejan de ser un reto diagnóstico por su amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas y causas. Siempre es necesario correlacionar la evaluación clínica completa con los hallazgos ecográficos y las concentraciones de β-hCG y descartar las causas no obstétricas del sangrado, independientemente de la sospecha diagnóstica inicial.
Abstract BACKGROUND: Hemorrhage in the first trimester of pregnancy is a problem seen in daily obstetric clinical practice. Care behaviors are usually protocolized in almost all institutions; however, current scientific evidence suggests that some of these behaviors do not have strong evidence to support them. OBJECTIVE: To review the recent literature and summarize the main recommendations for the care of cases of hemorrhage in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective study based on a literature search of English language articles containing the MeSH terms: "First Trimester", "Hemorrhage", "Bleeding", "Ectopic Pregnancy", "Abortion", "Incomplete Abortion", "Miscarriage", "Early Pregnancy Loss", "Threatened Abortion" and "Gestational Trophoblastic Disease". Controlled clinical trials, case-control studies, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, clinical practice guidelines, protocols, systematic reviews and meta-analyses included in the PubMed database from 2014 to 2021 were included. RESULTS: We found 54 complete articles, of which 38 were discarded due to duplicity in information, lack of relevance or not updated. In the end, only 16 articles were included for narrative review. CONCLUSIONS: First trimester hemorrhage, although frequent, is still a diagnostic challenge due to its wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and causes. It is always necessary to correlate the complete clinical evaluation with ultrasound findings and β-hCG concentrations and to rule out nonobstetric causes of bleeding, regardless of the initial diagnostic suspicion.
RESUMEN
Este artigo refere-se à uma revisão sobre o carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeça e pescoço (HNSCC), o qual está envolvido em cerca de 90% dos cânceres de cabeça e pescoço,originado do revestimento escamoso da superfície das mucosas do trato aero digestivo superior,incluindo cavidade oral, faringe, laringe e trato sino nasal. Atualmente, o HNSCC apresenta-se como o sexto tipo de câncer mais comum no mundo, sendo que apenas 50% dos pacientes permanecem vivos por 5 anos, após o diagnóstico. Devido à sua distribuição acelerada e alta prevalência, este tipo de câncer tornou-se, nas últimas décadas, uma das principais ameaças para a saúde pública. Seu desenvolvimento e progressão vem ganhando um destaque especial,considerando-se as novas descobertas relacionadas à instabilidade no cerne da genômica e epigenômica, metabolômica, remodelamento celular e fatores de risco associados, principalmente com o envolvimento de infecções virais e, mais recentemente, aos aspectos imunológicos inerentes ao microambiente tumoral (TME), principalmente o perfil celular (fibroblastos associados ao câncer, linfócitos T reguladores, linfócitos e macrófagos com perfil imunossupressorTh2 e M2, respectivamente e neutrófilos associados ao tumor) e o perfil humoral (quimiocinas, citocinas imunossupressoras tais como TGF-B, IL-13, IL-10, proteínas responsáveis pela quebrada matrix extracelularmetaloproteases e fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento e progressão tumoral mediados pela angiogênese, tais como EGF e VEGF). Nos próximos anos, a compreensão da imunobiologia do HNSCC será paralelamente acompanhada de importantes avanços na detecção precoce de pacientes de alto risco, baseada na identificação de biomarcadores,na manipulação do sistema imune e na compreensão da farmacogenômica.
This article refers to a review about head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which involves about 90% of all head and neck cancers, originated from the squamous lining of the upperaero digestive tract, including the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and sinonasal tract. Currently, it is known as the 6th most common cancer in the world and only 50% of patients will remain alive for5 years post-diagnosis. Due to its accelerated spreading and its high occurrence, this kind of cancerhas become, in the last decades, one of the major threats to public health. Its development and progression has been gaining special attention, considering the new findings associated to the coreinstability of genetic and epigenetic, metabolomics, cellular remodeling and associated risk factors,especially with the involvement of viral infections and, more recently, to the immunological aspects inherent from the tumor microenvironment (TME) particularly cell profiles (fibroblast associated with cancer, regulatory T cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages with immuno suppressive profile Th2and M2, respectively, and neutrophils associated with tumor) and humoral profile (chemokines, immuno suppressive cytokines such as TGF-B, IL-13, IL-10, proteins responsible for the breakdown of extracellular matrix- metallo proteinase and factors that contribute to the development and tumor progression mediated by angiogenesis, such as EGF and VEGF). In the upcoming years, under standing the immunobiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma will be accompanied simultaneous ly by important advances in the early detection of high-risk patients, based on the identification of biomarkers,on the manipulation of the immune system and on the understanding of the pharmacogenomics.