Frailty does not affect prognostic markers in patients with acute coronary syndrome: results from a Brazilian university hospital

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate frailty and its relationship with prognostic markers in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: This cross-sectional study with a prospective variable analysis (prognostic markers) involved adults of both sexes aged ≥ 50 years with acute coronary syndrome. Patients with ≥ 3 of the following criteria were considered frail: 1) unintentional weight loss; 2) exhaustion (assessed by self-reported fatigue); 3) low handgrip strength; 4) low physical activity level; and 5) low gait speed. The included prognostic markers were: metabolic changes (lipid and glycemic profile), changes in inflammatory status (C-reactive protein), thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score, troponin level, angioplasty or surgery, hospitalization in the intensive care unit, length of hospital stay, and hospital outcome. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 125 patients, whose mean age was 65.5 (SD, 8.7) years. The prevalence of frailty was 48.00%, which was higher in women (PR = 1.55; 95%CI 1.08­2.22; p = 0.018) and patients with systemic arterial hypertension (PR = 2.18; 95%CI 1.01­5.24; p = 0.030). Frailty was not associated with age, cardiac diagnosis, or prognostic markers (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty was highly prevalent in patients with acute coronary syndrome, affecting almost half of the sample, particularly women and patients with hypertension, irrespective of age. However, despite its high prevalence, frailty was not associated with markers of metabolic change or poor prognosis.

Evaluation of ultrasonographic approaches aimed at determining distinct abdominal adipose tissue depots

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze different anatomical sites in the abdominal region, in order to determine the positional parameter that identifies a higher level of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and confers a greater cardiometabolic risk. Materials and methods: This is a methodological study in which VAT was evaluated by ultrasonography (USG) in three anatomical sites in the abdomen, while the abdominal circumference (AC) was measured using seven different protocols. Additionally, the glycemic and lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and the presence of systemic arterial hypertension were evaluated. Results: One hundred and six individuals with an average age of 42 (36.8-46.2) years were included. The evaluation of the calibration of the ultrasound procedure for the analysis of VAT by intra- and inter-evaluators showed high reproducibility. The pattern of abdominal fat distribution differed between sexes, with higher mean VAT in males (p < 0.05) and higher mean SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue) in females (p < 0.005). In the abdominal scan applied to women, higher levels of VAT and lower levels of SAT were observed in the narrower waist region, between the iliac crest and the last rib (p < 0.001). In males, the profile of adipose disposition along the abdomen was uniform (p > 0.05). Correlations between VAT measured by USG and cardiometabolic parameters were relatively stronger in the upper abdomen (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Women accumulate more VAT in the narrower waist region, while men accumulate VAT uniformly across the abdomen. There was relative superiority in predicting cardiometabolic risk in the upper abdomen for both sexes.

The applicability of the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) for predicting visceral fat / Aplicabilidade do Índice de Adiposidade Visceral (IAV) como preditor de gordura visceral

Abstract As obesity has reached epidemic proportions and given the current recognition of central adiposity as an important cardiometabolic risk factor, several researchers have focused on developing and validating predictive indexes and equations to evaluate Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT). This study evaluates the applicability of the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) for predicting cardiometabolic risk in individuals treated in a hospital In the northeast region of Brazil. The VAT was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and the VAI was calculated through specific equations for each gender. The sample involved adult and elderly patients of both genders followed up in a cardiology outpatient clinic. The following cardiometabolic parameters were collected: fasting glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP) and uric acid. The simple linear regression was used to evaluate the explanatory power of the VAI in relation to the volume of VAT determined by CT. The predictive capacity of VAI in relation to the volume of VAT determined by CT was 25.8% (p=0.004) for males and 19.9% (p<0.001) for females. VAI correlated strongly with the triglyceride (TG) (p<0.001) and TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (p<0.001) and inversely correlated with HDL (p<0.001). Moreover, VAI showed low correlation with the following variables: abdominal circumference, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, fasting glycemia, and glycated hemoglobin (p<0.05). VAI was associated with variables considered as cardiometabolic risk factors, but exhibited a low predictive capacity regarding the volume of VAT determined by CT. Thus, caution is recommended in its use in Brazilian individuals.

Resumo Em razão de a obesidade ter alcançado proporções epidêmicas e dado ao atual reconhecimento da adiposidade central como um importante fator de risco cardiometabólico, diversos pesquisadores têm se dedicado em desenvolver e validar índices e equações preditivas para avaliar o Tecido Adiposo Visceral (TAV). Este estudo avaliou a aplicabilidade do Índice de Adiposidade Visceral (IAV) como preditor de risco cardiometabólico em indivíduos atendidos em um hospital no nordeste brasileiro. O TAV foi avaliado por tomografia computadorizada (TC) e o IAV foi calculado através de equações específicas para cada sexo. A amostra envolveu pacientes adultos e idosos de ambos os sexos acompanhados no ambulatório de cardiologia. Os seguintes parâmetros cardiometabólicos foram coletados: glicemia de jejum, hemoglobina glicada, perfil lipídico, proteína C-reativa e ácido úrico. Regressão linear simples foi empregada para avaliar o poder explicativo do IAV em relação ao volume de TAV determinado por TC. A capacidade preditiva do IAV em relação ao volume de TAV determinado pela TC foi de 25,8% (p=0,004) para o sexo masculino e 19,9% (p<0,001) para o sexo feminino. O IAV se correlacionou fortemente com as variáveis TG (r=0,916, p< 0,001) e TG/HDL (r=0,952, p<0,001) e inversamente com o HDL (r=-0,441, p<0,001), além disso, apresentou baixa correlação com as variáveis: circunferência abdominal, colesterol total, lipoproteína de baixa densidade, glicemia de jejum e hemoglobina glicada (p<0,05). O IAV associou-se com variáveis consideradas fatores de risco cardiometabólico, porém exibiu baixa capacidade preditiva em relação ao volume de TAV determinado pela TC, sendo recomendada cautela em sua utilização em indivíduos brasileiros.

Visceral adiposity indicators and cardiovascular risk in hemodialytic patients

ABSTRACT Objective: Cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and association of the hypertriglyceridemia-waist phenotype (HWP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) with cardiometabolic risk factors (CR) in patients with CKD on hemodialysis (HD). Materials and methods: The study is based on a cross-sectional design with 265 HD patients in two cities in northeastern Brazil. The VAI was calculated considering the variables body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). HWP was defined as the concomitant elevation of WC and TG. The Poisson Regression Model with robust variance estimation was adjusted considering a hierarchical approach for explanatory variables. Prevalence ratios (PR) were also estimated. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: In our study HWP and VAI prevalence's were 29.82% and 58.49%, respectively. In the final model, there was an association between VAI and female gender (PR = 1.46; p < 0.0001) and high body fat (% BF) (PR = 1.33; p < 0.0019). HWP was associated with females (PR = 1.80; p = 0.002), alcohol consumption (PR = 1.58; p = 0.033), obesity (PR = 1.89; p = 0.0001), high %BF (PR = 1.76; p = 0.012) and reduced HDL-c (PR = 1.48; p = 0.035). Conclusion: The HWP stood out as the association with more CR factors, representing a promising method for tracking cardiometabolic risk in HD patients, mainly female.

The impact of visceral fat and levels of vitamin D on coronary artery calcification

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluated calcification of the coronary arteries and its association with visceral fat and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum levels. METHODS: A cross sectional study involving 140 individuals without any previous diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. A biochemical analysis of vitamin D serum levels was carried out, as well as computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcium score and visceral adipose tissue. RESULTS: The mean age of the individuals was 55.9 (±12.4). Coronary artery calcium was observed in 40.7% of the population. Vitamin D presented median serum levels of 30.4 ng/ml (IQ24.5-39.1), with 14,1 and 33.7% of the individuals presenting deficiency and insufficiency, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the calcium score was more prevalent in aged patients (p<0.01), in hypertensive individuals (p<0.01), in diabetics (p=0.02), and in those with a higher concentration of VAT (p=0.02). In the adjusted analysis, it was found that the highest concentration of VAT (OR: 4.0; 95%CI 1.4-11.7), hypertension (OR: 4.8; 95%CI 1.5-15.3), and age (OR: 10.4; 95%CI 3.9-27.6) were predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis, regardless of body mass index, diabetes, and 25OHD. CONCLUSIONS: Excess visceral fat was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, regardless of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Serum levels of 25OHD were not associated with CAD in its early stages.

Sarcopenia and consumptive syndrome in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a public hospital in Northeast Brazil / Sarcopenia y síndrome de emaciación en pacientes infectados por el HIV que reciben terapia antiretroviral en un hospital público en el noreste Brasil

We evaluated the prevalence of sarcopenia and wasting syndrome, as well as the associated factors in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. We utilized a cross-sectional study evaluating HIV-infected individuals at a university hospital in the Northeast area of Brazil. In 99 patients, sarcopenia was assessed by analysis of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Wasting syndrome was assessed by unintentional weight loss criteria. Demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, as well as clinical and lifestyle variables were also evaluated. The prevalence of sarcopenia in this sample was 18.2% and 33.3% presented severe sarcopenia. Wasting syndrome was identified in 13.1% and 4% presented both conditions. Sarcopenia had higher prevalence in older patients (80.0 vs 4.9%, p= 0.004), among those with diabetes mellitus (50.0 vs 16.1%, p= 0.037), as well as among malnourished individuals (p= 0.003). Wasting syndrome was more prevalent in individuals with a lower level of education (26.3%vs5.4%, p= 0.005), in the lower income tertile (p= 0.041), and a lower CD4+ T cell count (429±450 vs 654±321 cells/mm3, p= 0.045). Sarcopenia and wasting syndrome are still clinical problems present in those using antiretroviral therapy associated with specific conditions in HIV patients.

Se evaluó la prevalencia de la sarcopenia, síndrome de emanciación y factores asociados en pacientes infectados por HIV que recibieron terapia antirretroviral. En la evaluación de las personas infectadas por el HIV se aplicó un diseño de tipo transversal y fue realizado en un hospital universitario en la zona noreste del Brasil. La sarcopenia se evaluó mediante la medición de la masa muscular, la fuerza muscular y el rendimiento físico. El síndrome de emanciación se evaluó mediante criterios de pérdida de peso involuntarios. También se evaluaron las características demográficas, socioeconómicas, antropométricas, así como las variables clínicas y de estilo de vida. La prevalencia de sarcopenia en esta muestra de pacientes fue del 18,2%, y de esta población un tercio presentó sarcopenia grave. El síndrome de emanciación se identificó en el 13,1% de los pacientes y en el 4% de los sujetos que presentaron ambas condiciones. La sarcopenia tenía mayor prevalencia en pacientes de mayor edad (80,0 vs 4,9%, p= 0,004), en las personas con diabetes mellitus (50,0 vs 16,1%, p= 0,037), así como en sujetos desnutridos (p= 0,003). El síndrome de emanciación fue más prevalente en sujetos con un nivel más bajo de educación (26,3% vs 5,4%, p= 0,005), menor tercil de ingresos (p= 0,041), y menor recuento de células TCD4+ (429±450 vs 654±321 células/mm3, p= 0,045). Sarcopenia y síndrome de emanciación son todavía problemas clínicos presentes en aquellos que utilizan la terapia antirretroviral asociada con condiciones específicas en pacientes con HIV.

Glomerular filtration rate and its relationship with visceral and subcutaneous adiposity: a study with patients from Northeast Brazil / Tasa de filtración glomerular y su relación con la adiposidad visceral y subcutánea: un estudio con pacientes del noreste brasileño

ABSTRACT Objective: evaluate the relationship between visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT/SAT) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Methods: A case series study was conducted with 146 male and female adult outpatients at a hospital in Northeast Brazil. VAT and SAT were quantified using computed tomography and GFR was estimated using the formula proposed by the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration. The conceptual model also considered socio-demographic, clinical, anthropometric and lifestyle variables. Results: Females accounted for 71.9% of the sample and mean age was 52.5±13.2 years. Mean body mass index indicated obesity in both sexes (men:30.4±5.9 kg/m2; women: 31.6±6.1 kg/m2). For the same mean age and BMI, men had more VAT and a higher VAT/SAT ratio. Mean GFR was similar between sexes and within the normal range. Simple linear regression analysis revealed that 21.8% of the reduction in GFR in males could be explained by the VAT/SAT ratio (p=0.002). Among females, both VAT alone and the VAT/SAT ratio were predictors of GFR reduction (r2=4.8%, p=0.025 and r2=5.3%, p=0.019, respectively). Conclusion: Mean VAT and VAT/SAT ratio were compatible with abdominal obesity in both sexes and were related to a reduction in GFR.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el tejido adiposo visceral (TAV) y subcutáneo (TAS) con la tasa de filtración glomerular. Métodos: Estudio tipo serie de casos, en 146 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos, atendidos en un ambulatorio de un hospital de referencia en el Nordeste brasileño. El TAV y el TAS se cuantificaron por tomografía computadorizada y la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) estimada por la fórmula del grupo Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). El modelo conceptual también consideró variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, antropométricas y de estilo de vida. Resultados: Pacientes con edad promedio de 52,5 ± 13,2 años y el 71,9% de sexo femenino. El promedio del IMC en ambos sexos se encuentra en el rango de obesidad (hombres= 30,4 ± 5,9 kg/m2 vs mujeres= 31,6 ± 6,1 kg/m2). Para un mismo promedio de edad e IMC, los hombres presentaron mayor TAV y mayor razón TAV/TAS que las mujeres. El promedio de la TFG fue similar entre los sexos y se encuentra en el rango normal. A través de regresión lineal simple, se evidenció que, en el sexo masculino, la disminución de la TFG puede explicarse en el 21,8% por la razón TAV/TAS (p=0,002). En el sexo femenino, tanto el TAV aislado como la razón TAV/TAS fueron predictores de disminución de la TFG (r2= 4,8%; p=0,025 e r2= 5,3%; p=0,019), respectivamente. Conclusión: Se evidenciaron valores muy elevados de los parámetros antropométricos de obesidad abdominal y promedio de TAV y de la razón TAV/TAS compatible con obesidad visceral en ambos sexos, siendo que estos dos últimos parámetros estuvieron relacionados al descenso de la TFG.

Sarcopenia en pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento Quimioterápico / Sarcopenia in oncological patients in chemotherapy Treatment

RESUMEN La sarcopenia se caracteriza por la tríada de reducción de masa muscular en asociación con reducción de la fuerza muscular y/o desempeño físico. Entre las enfermedades crónicas, el cáncer se configura como una condición relacionada al desarrollo de la sarcopenia, debido a la condición inflamatoria, al catabolismo proteico y a la inapetencia alimentaria atribuida a los diversos efectos colaterales del tratamiento de quimioterapia. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de sarcopenia en pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento quimioterapéutico. Método: Estudio transversal realizado con pacientes de ambos sexos, en un hospital universitario del nordeste brasileño. Se determinó la sarcopenia a través de la circunferencia muscular del brazo (percentil <10); fuerza de prensión palmar: <20 kg/f y < 30 kg/f para mujeres y hombres ancianos respectivamente, menor tercil: <28,7kg/f y <15,6 kg/f para hombres y mujeres adultas respectivamente y velocidad de marcha (<0.8 m/s). Se evaluaron las variables de asociación, como datos sociodemográficos, estilo de vida, clínico y antropométrico. Resultados: La muestra fue compuesta por 117 pacientes, con edad promedio 60,5 ±13,2 años con prevalencia del sexo femenino (el 59,8%). Se verificó una prevalencia de sarcopenia del 27,4%, y se observó que el 53,1% tenían sarcopenia severa. Los ancianos fueron los más sarcopénicos (p= 0,003). Se encontró también una asociación positiva con el estado nutricional (p<0,001). Conclusión: La prevalencia de la sarcopenia fue significativa y semejante a otros estados, siendo más prevalentes en los pacientes desnutridos y ancianos.

ABSTRACT Sarcopenia is characterized by the triad of reduced muscle mass in association with reduced muscle strength and / or physical performance. Among chronic diseases, cancer is a condition related to the development of sarcopenia because of, among other factors, inflammation, protein catabolism and loss of appetite attributed to the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Objective: To describe the prevalence of sarcopenia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out with patients of both sexes, in a university hospital in Northeastern Brazil. Sarcopenia was determined by arm circumference (percentile <10); hand grip strength (<20 kg/f and <30 kg/f for women and men, respectively; lowest tertile: <28.7 kg/f and <15.6 kg/f for men and women, respectively) and gait velocity (<0.8 m/s). Sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical and anthropometric variables were also evaluated. Results: The sample consisted of 117 patients (59.8% female), with a mean age of 60.5 ± 13.2 years. There was a prevalence of sarcopenia of 27.4% and 53.1% had severe sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was more common in older participants (p= 0.003). There was also a positive association with nutritional status (p<0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of sarcopenia was significant and similar to other studies, being more prevalent in undernourished and elderly participants.

Fragilidad en ancianos oncológicos en tratamiento con quimioterapia / Frailty in elderly oncology patients in chemotherapy treatment

RESUMEN Los ancianos están más expuestos al desarrollo del cáncer, pues el envejecimiento deja las células más susceptibles a la transformación maligna. Identificar la fragilidad puede contribuir a mejorar resultados en el tratamiento antineoplásico. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la prevalencia y grado de fragilidad en ancianos oncológicos en tratamiento con quimioterapia e investigar factores asociados al síndrome. Se incluyeron pacientes ≥60 años en nivel ambulatorio. La fragilidad se evaluó a partir del fenotipo desarrollado en la Universidad Johns Hopkins. El nivel de significancia adoptado para todas las pruebas fue menor que p<0,05. De la muestra de 60 individuos, el 55,0% era hombres, con promedio de edad 69,8±7,6. Entre los pacientes evaluados, el 66,7% presentaron fragilidad y el 33,3% pre-fragilidad. Las mujeres fueron más frágiles (81,5% vs 54,5%; p= 0,028) y la fragilidad tendió a ser mayor entre los caquécticos (81,8% vs 57,9%; p= 0,051). Concluimos que hubo un porcentaje elevado de pacientes frágiles y pre-frágiles. El sexo femenino y el sedentarismo se presentaron como factores asociados.

ABSTRACT The elderly are more at risk for developing cancer, as aging leaves cells more susceptible to malignant transformations. Identifying frailty can contribute to improved outcomes in antineoplastic treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and degree of frailty in elderly cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment and investigate factors associated with this syndrome. Ambulatory patients> 60 years were included. Frailty was assessed from the phenotype developed by Johns Hopkins University. The significance level adopted for all tests was p<0.05. From the sample of 60 individuals, 55.0% were men, with mean age 69.8 ± 7.6. Among the patients evaluated, 66.7% presented frailty, and 33.3% pre-frailty. Women were more frail (81.5% vs 54.5%; p= 0.028) and frailty tended to be higher among cachectic patients (81.8% vs 57.9%; p= 0.051). We concluded that there was an elevated percentage of frail and pre-frail patients. Female sex and sedentarism were associated factors.

Asociación del ángulo de fase con parámetros de evaluación del estado nutricional en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Association of the phase angle with nutritional status assessment parameters in hemodialysis patients

RESUMEN La desnutrición energético-proteica es altamente prevalente en pacientes en tratamiento con diálisis, siendo un importante marcador de riesgo para morbimortalidad. Entre los diversos parámetros disponibles para evaluación de la condición nutricional, la medida del Ángulo de Fase (AF) se ha señalado como marcador útil para evaluar a pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación del AF con parámetros de evaluación del estado nutricional en pacientes en HD. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal entre febrero y julio de 2016 en dos unidades de hemodiálisis, de Recife, Nordeste brasileño. Resultados: Se evaluó a 101 pacientes, con edades de 51,7±16,8 años e IMC de 24,3±4,5 kg/m². El promedio del AF fue 5,6±1,7° y se correlacionó inversamente con la edad (r= −0,222; p= 0,024) y con el % grasa (r= −0,219; p= 0,026) y directamente con la altura (r= 0,286; p= 0,003), con el índice de masa muscular esquelética (r= 0,269; p= 0,006), con la fuerza de agarre palmar (r= 0,627;p <0,001), velocidad de marcha (r= 0,263; p= 0,008), masa libre de grasa (r= 0,303; p= 0,002) y creatininemia (r= 0,278; p= 0,004). Conclusiones: El AF presentó asociación con algunos parámetros de evaluación nutricional, que puede ser una medida útil adicional para reflejar la condición nutricional y evaluar la sarcopenia en pacientes en HD.

ABSTRACT Energy-protein malnutrition is highly prevalent in dialysis patients, being an important marker of risk for morbidity and mortality. Among the various parameters available for assessing nutritional status, the phase angle (PA) measurement has been indicated as a useful marker for evaluating patients on hemodialysis (HD). Objective: To evaluate the association of PA with parameters of nutritional status in patients on HD. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional, observational study from February to July, 2016, in two hemodialysis units, in the city of Recife, Northeastern Brazil. Results: A total of 101 patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 51.7±16.8 years and mean BMI of 24.3±4.5kg/m². The mean PA was 5.6±1.7°. PA was inversely correlated with age (r= −0.222; p= 0.024), fat% (r= −0.219; p= 0.026) and positively with height (r= 0.267; p= 0.003), velocity speed (r= 0.267; p= 0.003), skeletal muscle mass index (r= 0.269; p= 0.006), fat free mass (r= 0.303; p= 0.002) and serum creatinine (r= 0.278; p= 0.004). Conclusions: PA was associated with some parameters of nutritional status. Thus, it may be an additional useful measure to reflect nutritional status and to evaluate sarcopenia in patients on HD.

Sarcopenia in elderly hospitalized coronary patients / Sarcopenia en pacientes coronarios hospitalizados

ABSTRACT Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the progressive and widespread loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, with a risk of adverse outcomes such as disability, reduced quality of life and death. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associated factors in cardiac patients. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in a public hospital in northeast Brazil, involving patients aged ≥60 years with coronary artery disease. Sarcopenia was determined by muscle mass (bioelectrical impedance analysis) and skeletal muscle mass index by a predictive equation, muscle strength (measured by grip strength) and physical performance (driving speed test). We tested relationships between sarcopenia and socioeconomic, demographic, clinical, nutritional and lifestyle variables. Results: We evaluated 148 patients, with an average age of 73.9±7.4years. We observed a prevalence of sarcopenia of 62.8%; of which 72% were classified as having severe sarcopenia. The variables associated with sarcopenia were male sex (p= 0.014), age >80 years (p= 0.005), and being malnourished according to BMI (p< 0.001), arm circumference (p= 0.006) and calf circumference (p= 0.045); the other variables were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The prevalence of sarcopenia in our sample was high. We found that sarcopenia related to sex, age, and nutritional status.

RESUMEN La sarcopenia se define como un síndrome caracterizado por una pérdida progresiva y generalizada de la masa muscular y la fuerza del esqueleto, con un riesgo de resultados adversos como la discapacidad, la reducción de la calidad de vida y de muerte. Objetivo: Investigar la prevalencia de sarcopenia y sus factores asociados en pacientes cardíacos Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el hospital público del noreste de Brasil, en el que participaron pacientes mayores de 60 años con enfermedad coronaria. La sarcopenia fue determinada por la masa muscular (análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica y ecuación predictiva para determinar el índice de masa muscular esquelético), la fuerza muscular (medida por la fuerza de agarre) y el rendimiento físico (prueba de velocidad de conducción). Entre la asociación de variables se consideraron aspectos socioeconómicos, demográficos, clínicos, nutricionales y de estilo de vida. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 148 pacientes, con una edad promedio de 73,9±7,4 años. Se observó una prevalencia de sarcopenia del 62,8%; incluyendo un 72% clasificado como severamente sarcopénico. Las variables asociadas a sarcopenia fueron sexo masculino (p= 0,014), edad > 80 años (p= 0,005) y desnutrida según IMC (p< 0,001), CB (p= 0,006) y CP (p= 0,045); las otras variables no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: La prevalencia de sarcopenia fue mayor, se encontró en una asociación con el género, un aumento en la edad, y el estado nutricional desfavorable.

Association between anthropometricparameters and coronary calcification / Associação entre parâmetros antropométricos e calcificação coronariana

Several studies have reported an association between obesity and the presence of coronary artery calcification (CAC), but it is still unclear which parameter would be most useful in screening for coronary calcification. This study aimed to evaluate the association between anthropometric parameters and coronary calcification. A cross-sectional study was developed involving patients attended by outpatient care, without previous diagnosis of coronary disease. The CAC was evaluated by computerized tomography, considering the coronary calcium score (CCS)> 0 as the presence of calcification and 0 as absence. The anthropometric variables studied were: body mass index, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (Et al.), conicity index (CI), neck circumference, neck-thigh ratio, waist-thigh ratio (WThR) and body adiposity index. A total of 129 patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 55.6±11.7 years. CAC was observed in 41.9% of patients. In the male sex, the CCS had a higher correlation with the WHR (r=0.416, p=0.016) and in females, the CI and WThR (r=0.305, p=0.003 and r=0.328, p=0.001, respectively). In the logistic regression model, the only anthropometric parameter that remained associated to CAC was WC (OR=3.9). In conclusion, it was observed that several anthropometric parameters were associated with CAC, and WC was the only anthropometric parameter that remained associated to CAC in the adjusted analysis

Vários estudos têm registrado associação entre obesidade e a presença da calcificação das artérias coronárias (CAC), porém ainda não está claro qual parâmetro seria mais útil na triagem da calcificação coronariana. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre parâmetros antropométricos com a calcificação coronariana. Foi realizado um estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes atendidos ambulatorialmente, sem diagnóstico prévio de doença coronariana. A CAC foi avaliada por tomografia computadorizada, considerando-se o escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC)>0 como presença de calcificação e igual a 0 como ausência. As variáveis antropométricas estudadas foram: índice de massa corpórea, circunferência abdominal (CA), razão cintura quadril (RCQ), razão cintura estatura, índice de conicidade (IC), circunferência do pescoço, razão pescoço-coxa, razão cintura-coxa (RCC) e índice de adiposidade corporal. Foram avaliados 129 pacientes, com média de idade de 55,6±11,7 anos. A CAC foi evidenciada em 41,9% dos pacientes. No sexo masculino, o ECC apresentou maior correlação com a RCQ (r=0,416; p=0,016) e no feminino, com o IC e com a RCC (r=0,305; p=0,003 e r=0,328; p=0,001, respectivamente). No modelo de regressão logística o único parâmetro antropométrico que permaneceu associado à CAC foi a CA (OR=3,9). Em conclusão, observou-se que vários parâmetros antropométricos foram associados à CAC, sendo CA o único parâmetro antropométrico que se manteve associado à CAC na analise ajustada

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity as prognostic predictors in hospitalized elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction / Relação entre sarcopenia e obesidade sarcopênica como preditores de prognóstico em pacientes idosos hospitalizados com infarto agudo do miocárdio

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the potential value of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity as prognostic predictors in hospitalized elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on data collected from elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, admitted to a public hospital located in the Northeastern region of Brazil, from April to July 2015. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was based on muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance measurements. Cardiovascular risk and prognostic markers, such as troponin and creatine kynase MB isoenzyme values, acute myocardial infarction classification according to ST segment elevation, and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score were used. Results: The sample comprised 99 patients with mean age of 71.6 (±7.4) years. Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was 64.6% and 35.4%, respectively. Sarcopenia was more prevalent among males (p=0.017) aged >80 years (p=0.008). Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction was the only marker of cardiovascular risk significantly associated with sarcopenia (p=0.002). Conclusion: Prevalence of sarcopenia was high and associated with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score. Sarcopenic obesity affected approximately one-third of patients and was not associated with any of the prognostic predictors.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre sarcopenia e obesidade sarcopênica como preditores de prognóstico em pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do miocárdio internados. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do miocárdio, hospitalizados no período de abril a julho de 2015, em serviço público, no Nordeste brasileiro. A sarcopenia foi determinada por meio das medidas de massa muscular, força muscular e desempenho físico. Foram utilizados os marcadores de risco cardiovascular e de prognóstico, como os valores de troponina e da isoenzima MB da creatinina quinase, classificação do infarto agudo do miocárdio de acordo com a elevação do segmento ST e o escore de risco de trombólise em infarto do miocárdio. Resultados: Foram avaliados 99 pacientes, com média de idade de 71,6 (±7,4) anos. Verificou-se prevalência de sarcopenia de 64,6% e 35,4% de obesidade sarcopênica. A sarcopenia foi mais prevalente no sexo masculino (p=0,017), na faixa etária >80 anos (p=0,008). Dentre os marcadores de risco cardiovascular, apenas o escore de risco trombólise em infarto do miocárdio esteve estatisticamente associado à sarcopenia (p=0,002). Conclusão: A prevalência da sarcopenia foi elevada e se associou com o escore de risco de trombólise em infarto do miocárdio. A obesidade sarcopênica acometeu cerca de um terço dos pacientes e não se associou a nenhum parâmetro preditor prognóstico.

Ângulo de fase e indicadores de risco do (e indicadores de riesgo del) estado nutricional em pacientes pré-cirúrgicos / The phase angle and indicators of risk and nutritional status in pre-surgical patients

Introduction: Malnutrition is an important risk factor for postoperative complications and the phase angle (PA) marker, since it is interpreted as an indicator of membrane integrity and as a predictor of body cell mass. It has been described as a useful parameter to identify malnutrition. Objective: To verify the association between PA and indicators of risk screening and assessment of nutritional status in pre-surgical patients. Methods: Observational study performed in the period from May to December 2014 in a university hospital in the Northeast of Brazil, including 83 patients in the preoperative period. We studied demographic, clinical, anthropometric variables (body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC)), Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS, 2002), and PA through bioelectrical impedance. Results: The mean age was 51.3 ± 14.9 years, predominantly female (73.5%). There was a predominance of oncological surgeries (53%). A prevalence of 27.7% of low PA, 30.1% of nutritional risk and 27.7% of malnutrition was observed, according to AC. A positive correlation with the other parameters (BMI and AC) was observed in relation to age (r = -0.421; p <0.001) and nutritional screening (r = -0.216; p = 0.049). Conclusion: FA showed moderate correlation with anthropometric and nutritional risk parameters, suggesting caution in the isolated adoption of this parameter as a diagnostic method and nutritional risk indicator in surgical patients.

Introdução: A desnutrição é um fator de risco (La desnutrición es un factor de riesgo) importante de complicações pós-operatórias e o ângulo de fase (AF), por ser interpretado (y el ángulo de fase, al ser interpretado) como indicador de integridade de membrana e preditor de massa celular corporal, tem sido descrito como um (se describe como un) parâmetro útil para identificar a desnutrição. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre o AFe indicadores de triagem de risco e de avaliação do (de clasificación del riesgo y de evaluación del) estado nutricional em pacientes pré-cirúrgicos. Métodos: Estudo observacional realizado no período de maio a dezembro/2014 em hospital universitário localizado no Nordeste brasileiro, envolvendo 83 pacientes no período (incluyendo 83 pacientes en el período) pré-operatório. Foram estudadas variáveis (Se estudiaron variables) demográficas, clínicas, antropométricas (índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço (del brazo) (CB), triagem de risco nutricional através da Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS, 2002), e o AF através da impedância bioelétrica. Resultados: A média de idade foi (La media de edad fue de) 51.3 ± 14.9 anos, predominando o sexo feminino (73.5%). Verificou-se predomínio das cirurgias oncológicas (53%). Foi observada prevalência de 27.7% de baixo (de bajo) AF, 30.1% de risco nutricional 27.7% de desnutrição, segundo a (según la) CB. Foi observada uma correlação inversa do AF com a idade (Se observó una correlación inversa del AF en relación con la edad) (r =-0.421; p < 0.001), e triagem nutricional (r = -0.216; p = 0.049), e correlação positiva com os demais (con los otros) parâmetros (IMC e CB). Conclusão: O AF mostrou correlação moderada com os parâmetros antropométricos e de risco nutricional, sugerindo cautela na adoção isolada desse (y de riesgo nutricional, lo que sugiere cautela en la adopción aislada de este) parâmetro como método diagnóstico e indicador de risco nutricional em pacientes cirúrgicos.

Waist circumference measurement sites and their association with visceral and subcutaneous fat and cardiometabolic abnormalities

ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the degree of variability of the waist circumference (WC) when obtained in different anatomical sites and compare the performance of the measurement sites as predictors of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and cardiometabolic abnormalities. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study involving 119 individuals with overweight (50.3 ± 12.2 years), in which six WC measurement sites were evaluated (minimal waist, immediately below the lowest rib, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, 2 cm above the umbilicus, immediately above the iliac crest, umbilicus level), in addition to the VAT and SAT (quantified by computed tomography) and cardiometabolic parameters. Results: The differences between the measurements ranged from 0.2 ± 2.7 cm to 6.9 ± 6.7 cm for men, and from 0.1 ± 3.7 cm to 10.1 ± 4.3 cm for women. The minimum waist showed significant correlation with VAT (r = 0.70) and with a higher number of cardiometabolic parameters among men. Regarding women, the WC measurement showed high correlation with SAT and moderate correlation with VAT, not being found superiority of one measurement protocol in relation to the others when assessed the correlation with VAT and with cardiometabolic parameters. Conclusions: Greater variability between the measuring sites was observed among women. With respect to men, the minimum waist performed better as a predictor of VAT and cardiometabolic alterations.

Associação da quimiotoxicidade com o estado (de la quimiotoxicidad con el estado) nutricional em pacientes oncológicos / Nutritional status and chemotoxicity in oncology patients

Introdução: O câncer é uma enfermidade caracterizada pelo (El cáncer es una enfermedad que se caracteriza por el) crescimento desordenado de células, cujo tratamento com quimioterapia atua no seu controle ou (cuyo tratamiento con quimioterapia actúa en su control o) remissão e pode prolongar a sobrevida. No entanto (Sin embargo), a quimioterapia pode causar uma série de efeitos colaterais, denominados quimiotoxicidade, levando ao déficit nutricional e comprometendo sua tolerância e (llevando al déficit nutricional y comprometiendo su tolerancia y) eficácia. Objetivo: Verificar a associação da quimiotoxicidade com o estado nutricional de pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de caráter retrospectivo, com análise de prontuário (con análisis de historia clínica) de pacientes com neoplasia de tumores sólidos, com 3 ciclos realizados de quimioterapia. Foram coletadas variáveis (Fueron contempladas variables) sociodemográficas, clínicas, antropométricas e a quimiotoxicidade foi categorizada conforme a National Cancer Institute (NCI). Resultados: Foram avaliados 126 pacientes, com idade média 54.6 ± 13.9 anos, predominantemente do sexo feminino (68.3%). As neoplasias mais prevalentes foram mama (51%) e trato gastrointestinal (34.5%) e o estadiamento IV foi prevalente (con prevalencia del estadio IV) (40.5%). A quimiotoxicidade apresentou-se desde o primeiro ciclo, com 52.5% de toxicidade bioquímica. Comparando o primeiro e terceiro ciclo não foi observada associação significativa entre a toxicidade e o índice de massa corporal (IMC), leucócitos, plaquetas e hemoglobina, mas observou-se tendência na toxicidade (pero se observó una tendencia en la toxicidad) de neutrófilos (p = 0.053). A toxicidade gastrointestinal afetou significativamente a perda de peso durante o (la pérdida de peso durante el) tratamento (p = 0.024). Conclusão: A quimiotoxicidade foi observada desde o primeiro ciclo, no entanto apenas a toxicidade do trato gastrointestinal apresentou (sin embargo, solo la toxicidad del tracto gastrointestinal presentó una) associação com a perda de peso corporal.

Introduction: Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells, whose treatment with chemotherapy acts as a control or remission and may prolong survival. However, chemotherapy can cause a number of side effects, called chemotoxicity, leading to malnutrition and compromising its effectiveness and tolerance. Objective: To investigate the association between chemotoxicity and the nutritional status of cancer patients. Methods: Longitudinal and retrospective study with chart analysis of patients with cancer of solid tumors, with at least 3 cycles of chemotherapy performed. Sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric variables were collected and chemotoxicity was categorized according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI, 1999). Results: We evaluated 126 patients, mean age of 54.6 ± 13.9 years, predominantly female (68.3%). The most common cancers were breast (51%) and gastrointestinal tract (34.5%) and most were classified as stage IV (40.5%). Chemotoxicity showed up from the first cycle, with 52.5% biochemical toxicity. Comparing the first and the third cycles, no difference in toxicity was observed in relation to body mass index (BMI), white blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin; but there was a trend in the association of toxicity with neutrophils (p = 0.053). The GI toxicity significantly affected weight loss during treatment (p = 0.024). Conclusion: chemotoxicity was observed from the first cycle; however only the toxicity of the gastrointestinal tract was associated with weight loss.

Razón entre grasa visceral y subcutánea como predictor de alteraciones cardiometabólicas / Ratio of visceral to subcutaneous fat as a predictor of cardiometabolic risk

RESUMEN La grasa visceral es una importante medida predictora de riesgo cardiometabólico, sin embargo, se ha sugerido que la razón entre los componentes visceral y subcutáneo (TAV/TAS ≥ 0,4) puede ser un indicador más apropiado para evaluar la predisposición para acumular grasa visceral (GV) y las alteraciones cardio-metabólicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la predisposición para acumular GV y su asociación con alteraciones cardio-metabólicas. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 147 individuos atendidos en un ambulatorio de un hospital en el Nordeste brasileño. Se evaluaron el TAV y el TAS por tomografía computarizada y se investigaron variables demgráficas, clínicas, antropométricas y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 52,7±13,2 años y se observó una elevada razón TAV/TAS de 0,79±0,29 en hombres y 0,54±0,22 en mujeres. Se correlacionó la razón TAV/TAS con perfil glucídico y puntuacion de calcio coronariano (PCC) (p< 0,05), mientras que el TAV aislado presentó correlación directa con colesterol no-HDL, triglicéridos (TG), razón TG/HDL, glicemia, hemoglobina glicosilada y PCC (p<0,05) e inversa con HDL-c (p= 0,001). Conclusiones: Se observó una elevada predisposición para la acumulación de TAV. La razón TAV/TAS presentó correlación con alteraciones cardiometabólicas, pero la concentración de TAV aislada se correlacionó con un número superior de parámetros, siendo en esta investigación un predictor más potente que la razón TAV/TAS para indicar esas alteraciones.

ABSTRACT Visceral fat is an important predictor of cardiometabolic risk, but evidence suggests that the ratio between visceral and subcutaneous fat (≥0.4) may be a more appropriate indicator to assess individual predisposition to accumulate visceral fat (VF) and predict cardiometabolic alterations. Objective: To evaluate the predisposition to accumulate VF and its association with cardiometabolic alterations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 147 patients seen at a hospital in Northeast Brazil. VF and subcutaneous fat (SF) were evaluated by computed tomography and anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors were investigated. Results: The mean age was 52.7±13.2 years. Mean VF/SF ratio was high: 0.79±0.29 for men and 0.54±0.22 for women and was correlated with the glucose profile and coronary calcium score (CCA) (p< 0.05). VF was directly correlation with non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), TG/HDL ratio, glycemia, glycated hemoglobin and CCA (p< 0.05) and inversely with HDL-c (p= 0.001). Conclusions: A high predisposition to VF accumulation was observed in the population. VF/SF ratio correlated with cardiometabolic alterations, but the concentration of isolated VF correlated with a higher number of parameters. In this investigation, VF alone was a more powerful predictor of cardiometabolic alterations than the ratio of VF/SF.

Associação do (Asociación entre el) estado nutricional com a qualidade (y la calidad) de vida de pacientes oncológicos em tratamento quimioterápico / Association between nutritional status and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Introduction: The number of new cancer cases has increased over the years, placing this disease among the most prevalent worldwide. Studies show that the quality of life of cancer patients is impaired and that there is an association between malnutrition and reduced quality of life (QoL). Objective: To investigate the association between nutritional status and quality of life of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 45 cancer patients from the outpatient chemotherapy service at a university hospital in Northeast Brazil. Anthropometric measurements and QoL were assessed by applying the Quality of Life Questionnaire. Results: There was a high percentage of malnutrition, ranging from 15.6% according to body mass index, to 43.9%, according to the muscular circumference of the arm. Median score was verified at 50.0 (Q1 = 41.7; Q3, 50.0) on the scale of general QoL. There were no significant correlations between nutritional status and QoL scores. Only the cognitive performance scale showed inverse correlation with triceps skinfold (TSF) (p = 0.033) and arm circumference (p = 0.011). Regarding the level of symptoms, diarrhea correlated directly with PCT (p = 0.025). Conclusion: There was impairment of QoL in the aspect of overall health. Although many studies have shown association between malnutrition and low QoL, this relationship was not observed in this investigation

Introdução: Os números de novos casos de câncer vêm aumentando ao longo dos anos (La cantidad de nuevos casos de cáncer está aumentando a lo largo de los años), fazendo com que esta doença esteja entre uma das mais prevalentes no (provocando que esta enfermedad sea una de las más prevalentes en el) mundo. Estudos evidenciam que a qualidade de vida dos pacientes oncológicos está prejudicada e que há associação (está deteriorada y que existe una asociación) entre desnutrição e redução da qualidade de vida (QV). Objetivo: Verificar a associação do estado nutricional com a qualidade de vida de pacientes oncológicos em tratamento quimioterápico. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 45 pacientes oncológicos captados do serviço ambulatorial de quimioterapia de um hospital universitário localizado no Nordeste brasileiro. Foram avaliadas (Fueron evaluadas) medidas antropométricas e a QV, a partir da aplicação do Quality of life Questionnaire. Resultados: Observou-se elevado percentual de desnutrição, variando de 15.6%, segundo o (según el) índice de massa corporal, a 43.9%, segundo a circunferência muscular do braço (del brazo). Foi verificada uma pontuação mediana de 50.0 (Q1 = 41.7; Q3 = 50.0) para a escala de estado geral de QV. Não foram observadas importantes correlações entre os estado nutricional e os escores (puntajes) de QV. Apenas escala de desempenho cognitivo apresentou correlação inversa com a prega cutânea tricipital (el pliegue cutáneo del tríceps) (PCT) (p = 0.033) e circunferência do braço (p = 0.011). Em relação à escala de sintomas, a diarréia se correlacionou diretamente a PCT (p = 0.025). Conclusão: Verificou-se comprometimento da (compromiso de la) QV no aspecto de saúde global. Embora muitos estudos demonstrem associação entre a desnutrição e baixa (Aunque muchos estudios demuestren la asociación entre desnutrición y baja) QV, essa relação não foi evidenciada nessa (no fue probada en esta) investigação

Obesidade visceral: aspectos epidemiológicose (y) terapêuticos / Visceral obesity: epidemiological and therapeutic aspects

O tecido (El tejido) adiposo abdominal inclui depósitos de gordura subcutânea e visceral, sendo este último o (el) componente que produz maior (produce mayor) efeito deletério sobre os parâmetros metabólicos e hemodinâmicos. A associação do (del) excesso de tecido adiposo visceral com os (con los) tradicionais fatores de risco (riesgo) cardiovascular, como aumento de colesterol total e triglicérides, diminuição de HDL-colesterol, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, resistência à insulina e atividade inflamatória, é (es) explicada predominantemente pela (por la) liberação de citocinas inflamatórias e de ácidos graxos livres na (en la) circulação hepática, o que expõe o fígado (expone al hígado) diretamente ao acúmulo de gordura, estimula a liberação de apolipoproteína B, reduz a (reduce la) sensibilidade à insulina e aumenta a concentração de glicose plasmática. Alguns fatores têm sido (han sido) associados àobesidade visceral, como sexo, idade, raça e estado nutricional, e sua prevalência pode variar em função do (en función del) grupo populacional estudado. Tem sido sugerido que durante a perda (la pérdida) de peso ocorre uma redução preferencial no tecido adiposo visceral comparado ao subcutâneo, mesmo com uma (asimismo con una) redução modesta de peso e independentemente da (de la) intervenção utilizada para induzir a perda ponderal (restrição calórica, exercício físico, tratamento farmacológico ou cirúrgico), pois seus (pues sus) principais componentes, os adipócitos omental e mesentérico, são metabolicamente mais ativos e sensíveis à lipólise do que o (que el) tecido adiposo subcutâneo. É necessário que mais estudos sejam (sean) realizados em diferentes grupos populacionais a fim de descreveros fatores que podem influenciar positivamente na redução do (en la reducción del) tecido adiposo visceral, visando a definição de estratégias para melhor prevenir e tratar a (prevenir mejor y tratar la)obesidade viscera...

Prevalência e fatores associados à obesidade abdominal em indivíduos na faixa etária de 25 a 59 anos do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated factors among individuals 25 to 59 years of age in Pernambuco State, Brazil / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la obesidad abdominal en individuos en una franja de edad de 25 a 59 años del estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência de obesidade abdominal e avaliar os fatores associados em adultos do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, foi realizado, em 2006, um estudo transversal, de base populacional, envolvendo 1.580 indivíduos na faixa etária de 25-59 anos. A obesidade abdominal foi determinada pela circunferência da cintura ≥ 80cm para mulheres e ≥ 94cm para homens. O modelo conceitual considerou variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, reprodutivas e comportamentais. A prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi de 27,1% (IC95%: 23,8-30,7) no sexo masculino e 69,9% (IC95%: 66,8-72,8) no feminino (p < 0,001). A análise ajustada revelou maior prevalência em homens a partir de 50 anos, da região metropolitana, de maior renda, ex-fumantes e consumidores de bebidas alcoólicas. Entre as mulheres, foi mais prevalente a partir de 30 anos, em ex-fumantes e naquelas com a primeira gestação antes de 18 anos. Fica evidente a gravidade e a multifatorialidade do problema da adiposidade central no Estado de Pernambuco, além de ser possível destacar que os determinantes da obesidade são diferentes entre os sexos.

In order to estimate the prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated factors in Pernambuco State, Brazil, a cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in 2006, including 1,580 adults 25 to 59 years of age. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥ 80cm in women and ≥ 94cm in men. The conceptual model included demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive, and behavioral variables. Prevalence of abdominal obesity was 27.1% (95%CI: 23.8-30.7) in males and 69.9% (95%CI: 66.8-72.8) in females (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed higher prevalence in men 50 years or older in the metropolitan area and those with higher income, former smokers, and drinkers. Among women, obesity was more prevalent above 30 years of age, in former smokers, and in women with first pregnancy before age 18. Central adiposity is clearly a multifactor condition in the State of Pernambuco, and the determinants of obesity differ between the sexes.

Con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de obesidad abdominal y evaluar los factores asociados en adultos del estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, se realizó, en 2006, un estudio transversal, de base poblacional, involucrando a 1.580 individuos en una franja de edad de 25-59 años. La obesidad abdominal fue determinada por la circunferencia de la cintura ≥ 80cm para mujeres y ≥ 94cm para hombres. El modelo conceptual consideró variables socioeconómicas, demográficas, reproductivas y de comportamiento. La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal fue de un 27,1% (IC95%: 23,8-30,7) en el sexo masculino y un 69,9% (IC95%: 66,8-72,8) en el femenino (p < 0,001). El análisis ajustado reveló mayor prevalencia en hombres a partir de 50 años, de la región metropolitana, de mayor renta, ex-fumadores y consumidores de bebidas alcohólicas. Entre las mujeres, fue más prevalente a partir de 30 años, en ex-fumadoras y en aquellas con la primera gestación antes de los 18 años. Es evidente la gravedad y la multifactorialidad del problema de la adiposidad central en el estado de Pernambuco, además de ser destacable que los determinantes de la obesidad son diferentes entre los sexos.