RESUMEN
Background: As histopathological findings of parathyroid carcinoma are not certain, the diagnosis of tumors with degenerative changes may be difficult. In these cases, immunohistochemical markers are beneficial. We aimed to research the acceptability of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), Galactin-3, Cyclin D1, and Ki-67 as helpful markers in parathyroid tumors in cases which are difficult to diagnose. Materials and Methods: Those cases who had been diagnosed with atypical parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid carcinoma between 2010 and 2015 were reevaluated. ?mmunohistochemical markers were applied to this cases. Results: About 21 cases were parathyroid adenoma, 14 were atypical adenoma, and 10 cases were parathyroid carcinoma. According to the immunohistochemical results, global loss of CaSR staining was seen in 50% (5/10) of the patients with carcinoma while there was no loss of staining in those with parathyroid adenoma (P = 0,001). Global loss of CaSR staining was found in only one out of 14 cases with atypical adenoma. The expression of Galactin-3 was found to be positive in 40% (4/10) of carcinoma cases, 71.4% (10/14) of those with atypical adenoma, and 14.3% (3/21) of those with adenoma (P = 0,002). Cyclin D1 expression was determined to be positive in 70% (7/10) of patients with carcinoma, 71.4% (10/14) of atypical adenoma cases, and 23.8% (5/21) of those with adenoma. The Ki-67 proliferation index was seen to be above 5% in 50% (5/10) of carcinoma cases and 35,7% (5/14) of those with atypical adenoma. Conclusion: In these studies, it has been emphasized that the global loss of CaSR staining was used as a negative marker in the diagnosis of carcinoma. In this study, we have also confirmed that the global loss of CaSR staining is a useful marker to determine potential increased malignancy.
RESUMEN
Rhinolith is an uncommon nasal mass and a rare entity encountered in clinical practice. The typical symptoms of rhinolith are unilateral nasal obstruction, foul smelling purulent nasal discharge and epistaxis, crusting, swelling of nose or face, anosmia, epiphora and headache. In this report, we present a case of recurrent rhinolith manifesting as an incidental finding on dental radiographs. A 26-year old male patient with a history of long standing halitosis had an operation for rhinolith seven years previously. Rhinolith in the right nasal cavity was diagnosed on rigid endoscopic examination. Rhinolith was removed by using a rigid nasal endoscope under local anaesthesia. To our knowledge, recurrence of rhinolith has not been described previously in the literature.
El rinolito es una masa nasal poco común y una entidad rara en la práctica clínica. Los síntomas comunes del rinolito son: obstrucción nasal unilateral, secreción nasal purulenta y maloliente, epistaxis, encostramiento, inflamación de la nariz o la cara, anosmia, epífora, y dolor de cabeza. Este reporte presenta el caso de un rinolito recurrente, que se presentara como un hallazgo incidental en una radiografía dental. Un paciente varón de 26 años de edad, con una larga historia de consulta por halitosis con un dentista y un otorrinolaringólogo, fue operado a causa de un rinolito hace siete años. El rinolito en la cavidad nasal derecha, fue diagnosticado mediante un examen endoscópico rígido. El rinolito fue extirpado usando un una endoscopia nasal rígida, bajo anestesia local. Hasta donde sabemos, la recurrencia de rinolitos no ha sido descrita previamente en la literatura.