Multiparametric flow cytometry directing the evaluation of CRLF2 rearrangements and JAK2 status in pediatric B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Asbtract Introduction This study aimed to determine whether cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2) antigen expression evaluated using multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) could predict the genotype of CRLF2 and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) status for application in the diagnosis of pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Methods A total of 321 BCP-ALL bone marrow samples were collected, 291 at diagnosis and 13 at first relapse, while 17 samples were excluded due to low cellular viability. The CRLF2 antigen expression was evaluated using flow cytometry (percentage of positivity and median fluorescence intensity [MFI]). The CRLF2 transcript levels were assessed via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using SYBR Green. The CRLF2 rearrangements (CRLF2-r) were identified using the CRLF2 break-apart probe via fluorescence in situ hybridization. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify the JAK2 exon 16 mutations. Results We observed that 60 of the 291 cases (20.6%) presented CRLF2 antigen positivity, whereas the CRLF2 transcript overexpression was found in 19 of 113 cases (16.8%). The JAK2 mutation was found in four out of 116 cases (3.4%), all of which had CRLF2 ≥10% of positive cells and intermediate or high MFI (p < 0.0001). In addition, in the 13 cases with the CRLF2-r, a positive correlation was found with the CRLF2 antigen intermediate (61.5%) MFI (p= 0.017). Finally, the CRLF2-positive antigen was identified in the BCP-ALL subclones. Conclusion The identification of the CRLF2 antigen using the MFC, based on the percentage of positivity and MFI values, is a useful tool for predicting JAK2 mutations and CRLF2-r.

GATA2 variants in patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial or fungal infections without known immunodeficiencies

ABSTRACT Introduction Haploinsufficiency of the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA2 is associated with a broad spectrum of diseases, including infection susceptibility and neoplasms. We aimed to investigate GATA2 variants in patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) and/or fungal infections (FI) without known immunodeficiencies. Method We performed GATA2 genotyping in patients with NTM and/or FI. Results Twenty-two patients were enrolled (seventeen FI, four NTM and one with both infections). The pathogenic variant NG_029334.1:g.16287C>T was found in one patient (4.5%) and two asymptomatic offsprings. We also found the likely-benign variant NG_029334.1:g.12080G>A (rs2335052), the benign variant NG_029334.1:g.16225C>T (rs11708606) and the variant of uncertain significance NG_029334.1:g.16201G>A (rs369850507) in 18.2%, 27.3%, and 4.5% of the cases, respectively. Malignant diseases were additionally diagnosed in six patients. Conclusion Although detected in 45.4% of the patients, most GATA2 variants were benign or likely benign. Identifying a pathogenic variant was essential for driving both the patient's treatment and familial counseling. Pathogenic variants carriers should receive genetic counseling, subsequent infection prevention measures and malignancies surveillance. Additionally, case-control genotyping should be carried out in Brazil to investigate whether the observed variants may be associated with susceptibility to opportunistic infections and/or concurrent neoplasms.

CD9 predicts ETV6-RUNX1 in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

ABSTRACT Introduction: The ETV6-RUNX1 is a fusion gene associated with a good outcome in B-cell precursor lymphoblastic leukemia. Objective: This study aimed to re-evaluate the CD9 cellular expression by flow cytometry (FC) as a possible tool to predict the presence of ETV6-RUNX1. Method: Childhood B-cell precursor lymphoblastic leukemia cases were included (n = 186). The percentage of CD9-labeled cells and the median fluorescence intensity ratio were used for correlation with the molecular tests. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were performed to determine the likelihood of the CD9 expression predicting ETV6-RUNX1. Results: The ETV6-RUNX1 was found in 44/186 (23.6%) cases. Data analysis revealed that the best cutoff for CD9 percentage was 64%, with an accuracy of 0.84, whereas the best cutoff for CD9 median fluorescence intensity ratio was 12.52, with an accuracy of 0.80. A strong association was observed between the level of CD9 expression and the presence of ETV6-RUNX1. Conclusion: These data confirm that the CD9 expression could be used for risk stratification in clinical practice.

Incidência e Mortalidade por Câncer entre Crianças e Adolescentes: uma Revisão Narrativa / Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Children and Adolescents: a Narrative Review / Incidencia y mortalidad por Cáncer entre Niños e Adolescentes: una Revisión Narrativa

Introdução: o câncer em crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 0-19 anos configura-se como um problema de saúde pública tanto nos países desenvolvidos como nos países em desenvolvimento. é considerado raro e distinto quando comparado com o câncer em adultos. apresenta padrões de incidência e mortalidade que variam em todo mundo, sendo que aproximadamente 80% dos cânceres infantis ocorrem nos países com baixo índice de desenvolvimento humano, com acesso aos serviços de cuidado à saúde de baixa qualidade. Objetivo: apresentar um panorama geral do câncer em crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 0-19 anos com ênfase na descrição dos resultados de estudos de base populacional para incidência e mortalidade nas diferentes regiões geográficas no Mundo e no Brasil. Resultados: as taxas de incidência gerais para o câncer em crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 0-19 variaram entre 50 e 200 casos por milhão por ano em diferentes países e continentes. no Brasil, a mediana das taxas a incidência foi de 154,3 por milhão. a mortalidade apresentou declínio em várias partes do mundo, sendo considerada a segunda causa de morte em países desenvolvidos. Conclusão: as informações dos registros de câncer são indispensáveis no enfrentamento do câncer na população pediátrica, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, onde o impacto do câncer é pouco conhecido, ao passo que seu efeito sobre a população está aumentando. Melhorias na adoção de estratégias de tratamento integrado devem ser consideradas para melhorar as taxas de mortalidade por câncer em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil e no Mundo.

Introduction: cancer in children and adolescents aged 0-19 years is a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. it is considered rare and distinct when compared to cancer in adults. They present patterns of incidence and mortality vary throughout the world, with approximately 80% of childhood cancers occurring in low human development countries, with access to poor quality health care services. Objective:to present an overview of cancer in children and adolescents aged 0-19 years, with an emphasis on describing the results of population-based studies for incidence and mortality in different geographic regions in the World and Brazil. Results: overall cancer incidence rates in children and adolescents aged 0-19 years old ranged from 50 to 200 cases per million per year in different countries and continents. in Brazil, the median incidence rates were 154.3 per million. Mortality declined in several parts of the world, being considered the second cause of death in developed countries. Conclusion: The information from the cancer registries are indispensable in coping with cancer in the pediatric population, especially in developing countries, where the impact of cancer is poorly understood, while its effect on the population is increasing. improvements in the adoption of integrated treatment strategies should be considered to improve cancer mortality rates in children and adolescents in Brazil and in the World

Introducción: e l cáncer en niños y adolescentes de entre 0-19 años se configura como un problema de salud pública tanto en los países desarrollados y en los países en desarrollo. se considera raro y distinto cuando se compara con el cáncer en adultos. se presentan patrones de incidencia y mortalidad que varían en todo el mundo, siendo que aproximadamente el 80% de los cánceres infantiles ocurren en los países con bajo índice de desarrollo humano, con acceso a los servicios de cuidado de la salud de baja calidad. Objetivo: Presentar un panorama general del cáncer en niños y adolescentes con edad entre 0-19 años con énfasis en la descripción de los resultados de estudios de base poblacional para incidência y mortalidad en las diferentes regiones geográficas en el Mundo y en Brasil. Resultados:las tasas de incidencia general para el cáncer en niños y adolescentes de entre 0-19 varían entre 50 y 200 casos por millón por año en diferentes países y continentes. en Brasil, la mediana de las tasas la incidencia fue de 154,3 por millón. la mortalidad ha disminuido en varias partes del mundo, siendo considerada la segunda causa de muerte en los países desarrollados. Conclusión: la información de los registros de cáncer es indispensable en el enfrentamiento del cáncer en la población pediátrica, principalmente en los países en desarrollo, donde el impacto del cáncer es poco conocido, mientras que su efecto sobre la población está aumentando. las mejoras en la adopción de estrategias de tratamiento integrado deben ser consideradas para mejorar las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer en niños y adolescentes en Brasil y en el Mundo.

Mother and child characteristics at birth and early age leukemia: a case-cohort population-based study / Características mãe-filho ao nascer e leucemias na primeira infância: um estudo de caso-coorte de base populacional no Brasil

Abstract Objective: The population-based cancer registries (PBCR) and the Information System on Live Births in Brazil (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos [SINASC]) have information that enables the test for risk factors associated with leukemia at an early age. The aim of this study was to identify maternal and birth characteristics associated with early-age acute leukemia (EAL) in Brazil. Methods: A case-cohort study was performed using secondary dataset information of PBCR and SINASC. The risk association variables were grouped into (i) characteristics of the child at birth and (ii) characteristics of maternal exposure during pregnancy. The case-control ratio was 1:4. Linkage was performed using R software; odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by logistic regression models. Results: EAL was associated with maternal occupational exposure to chemicals (agricultural, chemical, and petrochemical industry; adjOR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.16-4.10) and with birth defects (adjOR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.19-11.00). Conclusions: The results of this study, with the identification of EAL risk factors in population-based case-cohort study, strengthen the knowledge and improve databases, contributing to investigations on risk factors associated with childhood leukemia worldwide.

Resumo Objetivos: Os registros de câncer de base populacional (RCBP) e o Sistema Nacional de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) possuem informações que possibilitam testar hipóteses sobre fatores de riscos associados às leucemias. O objetivo principal deste projeto é identificar quais as características ao nascimento das crianças que estariam associadas ao risco de desenvolver Leucemia Aguda (LA) na primeira infância. Métodos: Foram utilizadas informações de 12 RCBP e do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos das mesmas localidades. Foram elegíveis 272 casos e 1.088 controles no período de 1996 a 2010. As associações de riscos de LA foram agrupadas em, (i) características da criança ao nascer, e (ii) características de exposição materna durante a gestação da criança. A relação de casos e controles foi de 1:4. As análises para padronização, estruturação do banco de dados e análises estatísticas foram realizadas através dos aplicativos Excel, R-Studio e SPSS 21. Resultados: Houve associação entre anomalias congênitas (RC 3,62, IC95% 1,19-11,00) e exposição ocupacional materna a produtos químicos (OR 2,18, p 0,002) com o risco do desenvolvimento de LA. Conclusão: A utilização de banco de dados secundários populacionais para a identificação de fatores de risco para LA fortaleceu o intercâmbio de conhecimentos e melhoria das bases de dados, e contribuiu para investigações sobre as associações de riscos nas leucemias agudas em contexto mundial.

Identification of the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene in infants with acute myeloid leukemia and hemophagocytosis

ABSTRACT Background: Acute myeloid leukemia presenting the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene is a rare subgroup associated with hemophagocytosis in early infancy and monocytic differentiation. The aim of this study was to define the relevant molecular cytogenetic characteristics of a unique series of early infancy acute myeloid leukemia cases (≤24 months old), based on the presence of hemophagocytosis by blast cells at diagnosis. Methods: A series of 266 infant cases of acute myeloid leukemia was the reference cohort for the present analysis. Acute myeloid leukemia cases with hemophagocytosis by blast cells were reviewed to investigate the presence of the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Eleven cases with hemophagocytosis were identified with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis being ruled out. Six cases were classified as myelomonocytic leukemia, three as AML-M7 and two as AML-M2. In five cases, the presence of the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene identified by molecular cytogenetics was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. All patients received treatment according to the Berlin-Frankfürt-Münster acute myeloid leukemia protocols and only one out of the five patients with the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene is still alive. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the presence of hemophagocytosis in acute myeloid leukemia was not exclusively associated to the MYST3-CREBBP fusion gene. Improvements in molecular cytogenetics may help to elucidate more complex chromosomal rearrangements in infants with acute myeloid leukemia and hemophagocytosis.

The concurrent occurrence of Leishmania chagasi infection and childhood acute leukemia in Brazil

Objective: This study investigated the co-existence of Leishmania chagasi infection and childhood leukemia in patients naïve to treatment; this has serious clinical and epidemiological implications. Methods: The seroprevalence of L. chagasi antibodies prior to any treatment was investigated in children with clinical features of acute leukemia. Serological tests were performed in 470 samples drawn from under 14-year-old children from different regions of Brazil with clinical suspicion of acute leukemia. Acute leukemia subtypes were characterized by immunophenotyping using flow cytometry. Morphological analyses of bone marrow aspirates were systematically performed to visualize blast cells and/or the formation of L. chagasi amastigotes. Data analysis used a standard univariate procedure and the Pearson's chi-square test. Results: The plasma of 437 children (93%) displayed antibodies against L. chagasi by indirect immunofluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. Of the 437 patients diagnosed from 2002 to 2006, 254 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 92 had acute myeloid leukemia, and 91 did not have acute leukemia. The seroprevalence of L. chagasi antibodies according to the indirect immunofluorescence assay test (22.5%) was similar in children with or without acute leukemia (p-value = 0.76). The co-existence of visceral leishmanasis and acute leukemia was confirmed in 24 children. The overall survival of these children was poor with a high death rate during the first year of leukemia treatment. Conclusion: In the differential diagnosis of childhood leukemia, visceral leishmanasis should be considered as a potential concurrent disease in regions where L. chagasi is endemic...

Childhood cancer mortality trends in Brazil, 1979-2008

OBJECTIVES: Childhood cancer mortality has substantially declined worldwide as a result of significant advances in global cancer care. Because limited information is available in Brazil, we analyzed trends in childhood cancer mortality in five Brazilian regions over 29 years. METHODS: Data from children 0-14 years old were extracted from the Health Mortality Information System for 1979 through 2008. Age-adjusted mortality rates, crude mortality rates, and age-specific mortality rates by geographic region of Brazil and for the entire country were analyzed for all cancers and leukemia. Mortality trends were evaluated for all childhood cancers and leukemia using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Mortality declined significantly for the entire period (1979-2008) for children with leukemia. Childhood cancer mortality rates declined in the South and Southeast, remained stable in the Middle West, and increased in the North and Northeast. Although the mortality rates did not unilaterally decrease in all regions, the age-adjusted mortality rates were relatively similar among the five Brazilian regions from 2006-2008. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood cancer mortality declined 1.2 to 1.6% per year in the South and Southeast regions.

Influência da metileno-tetrahidrofolato redutase na patogênese das leucemias agudas infantis / Influence of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in the pathogenesis of the childhood acute leukemia

As leucemias resultam de uma interação adversa entre gene-ambiente, com susceptibilidade condicionada, pelo menos em parte, por polimorfismos de múltiplos genes. Como a metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR) possui papel chave no metabolismo do folato, alterações na sua atividade (resultante de polimorfismos) ou alterações na suplementação de folato, podem influenciar na síntese, reparo e metilação de DNA. Neste estudo, determinamos a frequência dos polimorfismos 677C maior que T e 1298A maior que C do gene MTHFR em 177 crianças menores de 16 anos com leucemias agudas (LA) de diversas regiões brasileiras e em 249 amostras de indivíduos normais como o grupo controle. O método utilizado para genotipagem foi PCR-RFLP. As frequências dos genótipos 677CC, 677CT e 677TT foram 51 por cento, 40 por cento e 9 por cento nos controles, 57 por cento, 33 por cento e 10 por cento para os casos de leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA), e 49 por cento, 39 por cento e 12 por cento para os casos de leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA), respectivamente. Já as frequências dos genótipos 1298AA, 1298AC e 1298CC foram respectivamente 62 por cento, 31 por cento e 7 por cento nos controles, 51 por cento, 41 por cento e 8 por cento nos casos de LLA e, 67 por cento, 31 por cento e 2 por cento nos casos de LMA, respectivamente. Quando comparamos casos de LLA com os controles, para o polimorfismo 677C maoir que T, encontramos um OR igual a 0,7 (0,5 - 1,2) e OR igual a 1,0 (0,4 - 2,1) para os genótipos CT e TT, respectivamente. Para o polimorfismo 1298A maior que C, o OR foi 1,6 (1,0 - 2,5) e 1,3 (0,6-3,0) para os genótipos AC e CC, respectivamente. Para os casos de LMA, o OR foi 1,0 (0,5 - 2,1) para o genótipo CT, e 1,3 (0,5 - 3,9) para o genótipo TT. Para o genótipo AC, encontramos um OR igual a 0,9 (0,4 - 1,9); para o genótipo CC, o OR foi 0,3 (0,04 - 2,3). Não houve diferenças entre as frequências do MTHFR 677C maior que T e1298A maior que C em ambos os grupos na análise global. Os resultados indicam que MTHFR 677C maior que T e 1298A maior que C não conferem efeito protetor contra a LA infantil.

Biological diversity variations of pediatric acute leukemia in Brazil: contribution of immunophenotypic profiles to epidemiological studies

Os autores descrevem as características biológicas de 1.459 crianças com leucemias agudas no Brasil, para comparar os efeitos de diferentes perfis imunofenotípicos com fatores ambientais que podem estar associados à etiologia das leucemias linfoblásticas agudas (LLA). As classificações morfológicas e imunofenotípicas combinadas foram aplicadas em 96% dos casos. Nestes, 55% foram classificados como LLA de células B precursoras (LLA-Bp) que compreendem LLA-pro-B e LLA-comum, 15% LLA-T, e 1,6% LLA-B. A proporção de LLA-Bp e LLA-T difere entre si quanto à raça, com 59% das LLA-Bp em crianças brancas, enquanto 60,7% LLA-T em crianças não-brancas. No entanto, as análises proporcionais de brancos versus não brancos para cada subtipo, quando ajustadas por idade, são semelhantes em crianças maiores de 6 anos (60,3% LLA-Bp e 59,3% LLA-T), mas diferem substancialmente em crianças menores, com 63,6% de LLA-Bp e 37,3% de LLA-T em brancos (0,0001). Estes resultados são consistentes com excesso de LLA-Bp em crianças brancas mais jovens, embora a distribuição entre LLA-Bp e LLA-T em cada região seja semelhante sem significado estatístico. As taxas de incidências de LLA calculadas para cada região variaram de 2,2, 2,6 e 3,3/105 casos por ano para Bahia, Rio de Janeiro e Brasília, respectivamente. Para avaliar se o pico de incidência observado de LLA-Bp estaria relacionado com incidência de infeção viral, nós observamos que LLA-Bp apresentou uma curva ascedente de casos no verão e inverno, enquanto LLA-T apresentou pico de incidência no outono. Este estudo adiciona informações sobre epidemiologia de leucemias agudas no Brasil, no qual sugere que o subtipo LLA-comum poderia estar associado com tempo de exposição a infecção viral requerendo futuras análises específicas.