Biodiesel production from marine cyanobacteria cultured in plate and tubular photobioreactors.

Carbon (neutral) based renewable liquid biofuels are alternative to petroleum derived transport fuels that contribute to global warming and are of a limited availability. Microalgae based biofuels are considered as promising source of energy. Lyngbya sp. and Synechococcus sp. were studied for the possibility of biodiesel production in different media such as ASNIII, sea water enrichment medium and BG11. The sea water enrichment medium was found superior in enhancing the growth rate of these microalgae. Nitrogen depletion has less effect in total chlorophyll a content, at the same time the lipid content was increased in both Lyngbya sp. and Synechococcus sp. by 1.4 and 1.2 % respectively. Increase in salinity from 0.5-1.0 M also showed an increase in the lipid content to 2.0 and 0.8 % in these strains; but a salinity of 1.5 M has a total inhibitory effect in the growth. The total biomass yield was comparatively higher in tubular LED photobioreactor than the fluorescent flat plated photobioreactor. Lipid extraction was obtained maximum at 60 ºC in 1:10 sample: solvent ratio. GC-MS analysis of biodiesel showed high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 4.86 %) than saturated fatty acid (SFA; 4.10 %). Biodiesel production was found maximum in Synechococcus sp. than Lyngbya sp. The viscosity of the biodiesel was closely related to conventional diesel. The results strongly suggest that marine microalgae could be used as a renewable energy source for biodiesel production.

Substance use among university students at the St Augustine Campus of The University of the West Indies / Uso de sustancias entre los estudiantes universitarios en el Campus de Saint Augustine de la Universidad de West Indies

OBJECTIVE: Substance use and abuse is a well known public health risk that peaks in persons between 18 and 25 years of age and is prevalent among university students. While this has been repeatedly documented in developed nations, there have been limited studies in the English-speaking Caribbean. This study therefore sought to assess the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use among university students in the English-speaking Caribbean and any associated risk factors. METHODS: The study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional study to assess substance use in full-time, undergraduate students of The University of the West Indies (UWI), Trinidad and Tobago, over a six-month period. Questionnaires were distributed and students asked to self-report on their use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana during the preceding six months. RESULTS: The six-month prevalence rate for alcohol was 70% and 28% of students were identified as regular users. Binge drinking was estimated at 31%. Muslims were least likely to have used alcohol when compared to other religious groupings. The prevalence rate for tobacco and marijuana was 17% and 13%, respectively. Ten per cent used all three substances. The use ofall three substances was associated with multiple problems. CONCLUSION: We conclude that substance use is common among many students of the UWI but generally lower than reports from other regions of the world. Despite this, substance use is associated with a number ofproblems and immediate educational interventions may be necessary to assist students in making informed and responsible choices.

OBJETIVO: El uso y abuso de sustancias es un riesgo bien conocido de la salud pública, que alcanza sus niveles más altos en personas entre los 18 y 25 años de edad, y es prevaleciente entre estudiantes universitarios. Si bien este fenómeno ha sido documentado una y otra vez en países desarrollados, los estudios en el Caribe anglófono han sido limitados. Por lo tanto, este estudio se propuso evaluar la prevalencia del uso del alcohol, el tabaco, y la marihuana, entre los estudiantes universitarios del Caribe angloparlante, y cualquier factor de riesgo asociado. MÉTODOS: El estudio se diseñó como un estudio descriptivo transversal para evaluar el uso de sustancias en estudiantes de pregrado a tiempo completo en la Universidad de West Indies (UWI), Trinidad y Tobago, por un periodo de seis meses. Se distribuyeron encuestas y se les pidió a los estudiantes entregar auto-reportes sobre el uso que habían hecho del alcohol, el tabaco y la marihuana en los seis meses precedentes. RESULTADOS: La tasa de prevalencia de seis meses para el alcohol fue del 70% y 28% de los estudiantes fueron identificados como usuarios regulares. El consumo de alcohol en forma de borracheras deliberadas se estimó en un 31%. Los musulmanes fueron los menos propensos al consumo de alcohol, en comparación con los restantes grupos religiosos. La tasa de prevalência para el tabaco y la marihuana fue de 17% y 13% respectivamente. El diez por ciento hacía uso de las tres sustancias. El uso de las tres sustancias estaba asociado a múltiples problemas. CONCLUSIÓN: Concluimos que el uso de sustancias es común entre muchos estudiantes de UWI, pero de modo general se halla por debajo de lo que se reporta desde otras regiones del mundo. No obstante, el uso de sustancias se encuentra asociado con un número de problemas, y puede que se requieran intervenciones educacionales inmediatas para ayudar a los estudiantes, de modo que estos puedan tomar decisiones responsables e informadas.

Pathogenicity, antibiotic susceptibility and genetic similarity of environmental and clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae.

Isolates of Vibrio cholerae were obtained from clinical and environmental samples and the pathogenicity of these isolates was confirmed by hemolytic assay. The clinical isolates were more pathogenic than environmental isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility of V. cholerae to a set of antibiotics showed a marked variation. The environmental isolates exhibited more resistance to the antibiotics than clinical isolates. The plasmid curing technique was used to check the encoding of antibiotic resistance gene in genome. In both isolates, the resistance to vancomycin and co-trimaxazole was not mediated by plasmid and it may probably be encoded in genome. RAPD method was adopted to find out the variation in the genome of the clinical isolates and environmental isolates of V. cholerae. The genomic similarity pattern revealed that the environmental Ogawa isolates were closely related to clinical Ogawa isolates. This study confirmed the existence of the complex nature of V. cholerae in its pathogenicity, response to a set of antibiotics and genetic similarity.

Anticlastogenic activity of plumbago indica using mouse bone marrow: Micronucleus test.

Certain human cancers can be prevented by identification of mutagenic agents in the environment and protecting humans from exposure to such agents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anticlastogenic activity of Plumbago indica in mouse bone marrow cells. The known clastogen used was mitomycin C at 1.5mg/kg body weight. The Plumbago indica extract is treated with mitomycin C at three different dose levels viz., 0.5, 1 & 2mg/kg at varying time periods. The pretreatment was carried out at 3, 6, & 12 hours, and the animals were sacrificed after 24 hours of the last administered injection. The percent inhibition of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) was found to be more than 50% at all time points of pretreatment. Plumbago indica was found to be effective at 12 hours before treatment of mitomycin C (−80%). The inhibition of micronuclei in MNPCEs induced by mitomycin C was not effective at simultaneous and post treatment of Plumbago indica.

Traumatic injuries to the incisors in children of South Kanara District. A prevalence study.

Trauma to the teeth is a commonly encountered problem. Many studies have stated the prevalence of traumatic injuries, range from 4% to 19.5%. In the present study, the prevalence of traumatic injuries to incisors teeth was studied. The unique feature of this study was that it related the associated causes with the severity of fractures (fracture types). In the present study prevalence was found to be 13.8% and this was associated with various factors such as age group involved, sex, place of injury and the overjet of the dentition.