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Objective: To detect the prevalence pattern of Chikungunya virus in three states of Northeast India. Methods: A total of 1 510 samples were collected from different private and government hospitals of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. Serum was tested for the presence of IgM antibodies against Chikungunya virus followed by RT-PCR for amplification of Chikungunya E1 gene region using specific primers. Results: Overall, 11.83% (172/1 454) clinical samples were positive by MAC-ELISA and/or RT-PCR assay. Asymptomatic infection was seen in 17.86%. Males were more affected than females and age group 16-30 years was mostly affected. Fever (100.00%) was the primary symptom followed by headache (72.03%) and arthralgia (41.53%). Only 118 Chikungunya positive cases could be traced, of which 25.42% complained about sequelae of infection. In entomological investigation, Aedes aegypti was more predominant (92.10%) than Aedes albopictus (7.90%). No mosquito pools could be incriminated for Chikungunya virus. Conclusions: In this study, Chikungunya was observed to be prevalent in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. Though Chikungunya is a self-limiting infection, increasing morbidity by CHIKV infection is affecting social and economic status of individual. Thus, a community empowerment to effectively control mosquito population by employing different mosquito control measures along with personal protection is mandatory to tackle future outbreak of the disease.
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Objective: To detect the prevalence pattern of Chikungunya virus in three states of Northeast India. Methods: A total of 1 510 samples were collected from different private and government hospitals of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. Serum was tested for the presence of IgM antibodies against Chikungunya virus followed by RT-PCR for amplification of Chikungunya E1 gene region using specific primers. Results: Overall, 11.83% (172/1 454) clinical samples were positive by MAC-ELISA and/or RT-PCR assay. Asymptomatic infection was seen in 17.86%. Males were more affected than females and age group 16-30 years was mostly affected. Fever (100.00%) was the primary symptom followed by headache (72.03%) and arthralgia (41.53%). Only 118 Chikungunya positive cases could be traced, of which 25.42% complained about sequelae of infection. In entomological investigation, Aedes aegypti was more predominant (92.10%) than Aedes albopictus (7.90%). No mosquito pools could be incriminated for Chikungunya virus. Conclusions: In this study, Chikungunya was observed to be prevalent in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. Though Chikungunya is a self-limiting infection, increasing morbidity by CHIKV infection is affecting social and economic status of individual. Thus, a community empowerment to effectively control mosquito population by employing different mosquito control measures along with personal protection is mandatory to tackle future outbreak of the disease.
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Objective: To depict mitochondrial genetic variation for the first time among Anopheles minimus (. An.minimus) (Diptera: Culicidae) species from two malaria endemic states of NE India. Methods: Phylogeographic analysis was carried at 9 out of 12 sites of An.minimus confirmed malaria endemic places. Results: All sequences were Adenine-Thymine rich regions. Transitions were observed in 6 sequences where 5 mutations were synonymous substitutions and in 1 case non synonymous mutation was observed. Three distinct clusters of haplotypes were generated. Haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity were studied. Overall negative values obtained from Tajima's D test and Fu'sF
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Objective: To assess the best suitable condition for virus inactivation, and to study the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of a circulating West Nile virus (WNV) strain in Assam. Methods: Bulk preparation of circulating WNV: WNIRGC07 (GeneBank ID: HQ246154), was undertaken in a bioreactor using cytodex-1. Virus Inactivation was done in three different conditions; 22 °C, 4 °C and room temperature. The virus preparations were evaluated for antigenicity by ELISA and toxicity by cell proliferation kit. Virus efficacy was done in-vivo on swiss albino mice against standard Indian WNV and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strain. Humoral and cell mediated immune response was evaluated in mice sera by ELISA and neutralization assay. Results: Inactivation at 22 °C was found to be more suitable in terms of less toxicity and high antigenicity. The same was selected to study the immune response and efficacy in mice. It induced neutralizing antibody titre of 1: 625 and high IgG response. In vivo experiment showed 100% protective efficacy against WNV and 20.8% cross protective efficacy against JEV. Further assessment of cellular immunity through immunized mice revealed augmentation of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and moderate levels of anti-cytokines indicating a mixed balance of Th1 and Th2 response. Conclusions: Findings suggest that formalin inactivated Indian WNV strain has a good immunogenic potential. This is the first study on assessment of immunogenic potential of a lineage 5 strain of WNV. Our study reveals that it would be a promising and effective candidate for vaccine studies which warrants further evaluation.
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OBJECTIVE@#To assess the best suitable condition for virus inactivation, and to study the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of a circulating West Nile virus (WNV) strain in Assam.@*METHODS@#Bulk preparation of circulating WNV: WNIRGC07 (GeneBank ID: HQ246154), was undertaken in a bioreactor using cytodex-1. Virus Inactivation was done in three different conditions; 22 °C, 4 °C and room temperature. The virus preparations were evaluated for antigenicity by ELISA and toxicity by cell proliferation kit. Virus efficacy was done in-vivo on swiss albino mice against standard Indian WNV and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strain. Humoral and cell mediated immune response was evaluated in mice sera by ELISA and neutralization assay.@*RESULTS@#Inactivation at 22 °C was found to be more suitable in terms of less toxicity and high antigenicity. The same was selected to study the immune response and efficacy in mice. It induced neutralizing antibody titre of 1: 625 and high IgG response. In vivo experiment showed 100% protective efficacy against WNV and 20.8% cross protective efficacy against JEV. Further assessment of cellular immunity through immunized mice revealed augmentation of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and moderate levels of anti-cytokines indicating a mixed balance of Th1 and Th2 response.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Findings suggest that formalin inactivated Indian WNV strain has a good immunogenic potential. This is the first study on assessment of immunogenic potential of a lineage 5 strain of WNV. Our study reveals that it would be a promising and effective candidate for vaccine studies which warrants further evaluation.
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OBJECTIVE@#To depict mitochondrial genetic variation for the first time among Anopheles minimus (An.minimus) (Diptera: Culicidae) species from two malaria endemic states of NE India.@*METHODS@#Phylogeographic analysis was carried at 9 out of 12 sites of An.minimus confirmed malaria endemic places.@*RESULTS@#All sequences were Adenine-Thymine rich regions. Transitions were observed in 6 sequences where 5 mutations were synonymous substitutions and in 1 case non synonymous mutation was observed. Three distinct clusters of haplotypes were generated. Haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity were studied. Overall negative values obtained from Tajima's D test and Fu'sFS test indicate a recent genetic population expansion. Network analysis has explained sequence diversity that was also shown by mutations in 6 sequences.@*CONCLUSIONS@#High genetic diversity observed within the populations of An.minimus species has several possible implications for vector control in the region.