Divergence time estimates of mammals from molecular clocks and fossils: Relevance of new fossil finds from India.

This paper presents a brief review of recent advances in the classifi cation of mammals at higher levels using fossils and molecular clocks. It also discusses latest fossil discoveries from the Cretaceous – Eocene (66–55 m.y.) rocks of India and their relevance to our current understanding of placental mammal origins and diversifi cations.

Alterations in some dehydrogenase profiles of sciatectomized toad gastrocnemius muscle-metabolic modifications by malate.

Sciatectomized toad gastrocnemius has shown a progressive loss in lactate (LDH), succinate (SDH) and malate (MDH) dehydrogenase activities and elevation of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity during post-neurectemic days. The possible role of malate in the restoration of metabolic homeostasis in denervated muscle is discussed.