RESUMEN
Background & objectives: There is a paucity of information on association between dental fluorosis, osteoporosis and periodontitis. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate oestrogen receptor (ER) Rsa 1 gene polymorphism in osteoporosis periodontitis patients with and without dental fluorosis. Methods: Twenty one primary osteoporotic patients suffering from periodontitis with dental fluorosis and 20 primary osteoporotic patients suffering from periodontitis without dental fluorosis participated in this study. Periodontitis was diagnosed based on age, gender T-scores using clinical parameters such as plaque scores, gingival bleeding scores and probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level (CAL) and severity of dental fluorosis. DNA was genotyped at the RsaI RFLP (in exon 5) inside the ER gene to study ER Rsa I gene polymorphism in osteoporosis periodontitis patients with and without dental fluorosis. Results: Patients with dental fluorosis had higher degree of osteoporosis than those without fluorosis. CAL was significantly higher (P <0.05) in those with dental fluorosis compared with those without. Rr heterozygote (21.95%) was observed in patients without fluorosis whereas RR mutant homozygote was absent in both the groups. Rr wild homozygote type was seen more in the patients with fluorosis (51.21%). Significant differences were found in distribution of these genotypes between patients with and without dental fluorosis. Interpretation & conclusions: This preliminary study showed the presence of ER I gene polymorphism in osteoporosis periodontitis patients without dental fluorosis. Further studies with large sample size are needed to confirm the association shown in this preliminary study.
RESUMEN
Background: The increasing trends for Caesarean section (CS) in India and worldwide have been a cause of concern. The aim is to compare and analyse CS rates across the globe, WHO recommends the Robson’s ten group classification system (TGCS). This will help to target appropriate group of women for reduction of overall CS rates.Methods: This was a retrospective study design using hospital records for women delivered in December 2017. Data was entered and analysed using excel 2007 and presented using modified Robson’s ten group classification system.Results: Out of total 650 women delivered during the study period, 184 (28.3%) delivered by CS. Group 1 and group 2 included a total of 49.53% women in the present study. The CS rates varied from 100% in group 5 (previous CS), group 7 (breech, multiparous) and group 9 (abnormal lie) to as low as 0.9% in group 3. The present study highlights that group 5 i.e. women with previous CS, contributed maximum (37%) to the overall surgical deliveries with group 2 being the second largest contributor (21%).Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate that group 5-women with prior CS and group 2-women with induced labour contributed maximum to overall CS rates. TOLAC should be a routine and not optional. Simultaneously Judicious selection of women for induction, strict implementation of induction protocols to decrease the cases of failed inductions will also reduce primary CS. To monitor the CS rates and take appropriate actions it is recommended that Robson’s TGCS be used continuously in all health institutions.