Preliminary study on pollination biology of Tulipa edulis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Current study on the pollination biology of Tulipa edulis was conducted to investigate its pollination characteristics and to provide references for artificial domestication and breeding of T. edulis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Flowering dynamics, pollinators, morphology and structure of flower were observed. Different methods were adopted to evaluate the pollen vitality, and benzidine-H2O2 method was used for estimation of the stigma receptivity. Breeding system was evaluated based on out-crossing index (OCI) , pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) and the results of emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination studies.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The flower of T. edulis showed typical characteristics of Liliaceae. The pollen remained viable to some extent during all the anthesis and peaked within three days after blossoming. Stigma acceptability peaked in the first day of blossom and dwindled away in the next four days. The type of breeding system of T. edulis was facultative xenogamy, three species of Halictus are the main pollination insects.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The type of breeding system of T. edulis was facultative xenogamy, withal cross-pollination give priority to self-pollination, and the insects play a main role on the pollination of T. edulis, further validation are needed to judge if the wind is helpful to pollination.</p>

Effects of light intensity on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Tulipa edulis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Present study was conducted to explore the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Tulipa edulis under different light conditions (23%, 45%, 63%, 78%, 100% of full sunlight) and to determine the optimum light intensity for growth of T. edulis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The leaf area and biomass indicators as well as reproductive characteristics were measured. The photosynthetic basic parameters and light response curve were determined by a LI-6400XT portable photosynthesis system, and the light response curve characteristic parameters was determined. Additionally, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined by assorted fluorescence leaf chamber of LI-6400XT.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The lowest biomass yield was observed in the 23% and 100% of full sunlight treatments while the highest value was found under the 78% of full sunlight conditions. With the reduction of light availability, the success rate of sexual reproduction, light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point (LCP) reduced, while apparent quantum yield (AQY) increased. 23% and 45% of full sunlight treatments led to lower photosynthesis rate (Pn) and higher apparent quantum yield (AQY) in comparison with other treatents. The highest photosynthesis rate was observed in the 78% and 100% of full sunlight treatments. In addition, 78% of full sunlight treatments led to highest Fv/Fm, Fv'/Fm', PhiPS II, ETR, and qP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>T. edulis was able to adapt in a wide range of light intensity, and 78% of full sunlinght was the most suitable light condition for growth of T. edulis.</p>

Study on physiological and germination characteristics of Tulipa edulis seed / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Current study was conducted to investigate the seed physiological characteristics of Tulipa edulis and improve germination rate.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Anatomical characteristics was observed. Seed water absorption curve was tested by soaking method. Dynamic of embryo development and germination rate as well as germination index under different conditions were recorded. And the biological test of cabbage seed was used for detecting the germination inhibitors.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The embryo rate of newly matured seeds was about 10%, and there was no obstacle of water absorption on testa of T. edulis. The optimum method for embryo development was exposure to 300 mg x L(-1) gibberellin solution for 24 hours, and stratification at 25 degrees C for 70 days followed by stratification at 5 degrees C for 40 days. The germintion rate and germination index of dormancy-broken seeds under the dark environment at 10 degrees C and 15 degrees C were significantly higher than those under other conditions. Additionally, there were some germination inhibitory substances in dry seeds.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The seed of T. edulis can be classified as having complex morphophysiological dormancy, and the morphological embryo dormancy played a leading role. Warm and cold stratification resulted in a fast dormancy breaking effect, and a high germination rate more than 90% could be obtained under the optimum conditions.</p>

Growth and development of fruit and seed of Panax quinquefolium / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the embryo after-ripening phenomenon of Panax quinquefolium, the growth and development process of fruit and seed was investigated in this study.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The growth and development characteristics of fruit and seed were obtained by field observation, the morphological changes were measured with a vernier caliper, paraffin section was used as well.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The plant reached the most flowering numbers in 5-8 d after initial blooming time and the lag phase of embryo occurred in about 70 d. The size, fresh and dry weight of fruit and seed were all reached maximum in fruit maturation period. As the result showed, the development of seed was stopped at torpedo form of embryos, this conclusion can be applied to explore the morphological after-ripening mechanism of P. quinquefolium seed.</p>

Comparison on appearance and non-ginsenoside composition in Panax ginseng and its products processed from different producing areas in northeast China / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the appearance and moisture, ash content, extract, volatile oil of Panax ginseng and its processed products from different producing areas of northeast China, and thus provide the useful reference data for its quality standard establishment and standardized cultivation.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Base on the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and literatures relating to P. ginseng, the content of moisture, ash, extract, volatile oil in P. ginseng and its processed products from northeast 10 different producing areas were measured, and data analysis of these various indicators was carried out by DTOPSIS.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The samples from Changbai, Jian Kangmei and Fusong reached the standard of Chinese pharmacopoeia and national standard, and in addition comprehensive evaluation indicators of them were higher than others samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The quality of ginseng from different producing areas appears very different. Some samples failed to reach the standard of Chinese pharmacopoeia and national standard. Ginseng samples from those 3 producing areas of GAP planting bases showed good quality, which reflects the importance of GAP for ginseng cultivation.</p>

Seed quality test methods of Oldenlandia diffusa / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To optimize the testing methods for seed quality, and provide basis for establishing seed testing rules and seed quality standard of Oldenlandia diffusa.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>According to the related seed testing regulations, the seed quality of O. diffusa from different producing areas was measured.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The testing methods for seed of O. diffusa was established, including sampling, purity analysis, weight per 1 000 seeds, seed moisture content, seed viability and percentage germination.</p>

Dynamic accumulations of bioactive components in different germplasm Isatis indigotica and comparative of its quality of medical material / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the dynamic accumulations of bioactive components in different germplasm Isatis indigotica and compare its quality of medical material, in order to provide a basis for breeding and high yield cultivation of I. indigotica.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The planting samples were collected during growth period, bioactive components in different germplasm Isatis indigotica were measured.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The dynamic accumulations of bioactive components in different germplasm I. indigotica were consistently changed in a field experiment. The differences of bioactive components contents in medical material of I. indigotica were significant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The germplasm from Gansu Longxi showed a high yield and good quality characters in Fuyang area, and may be applied to production.</p>

Quality classification criteria of Oldenlandia diffusa seeds / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the quality classification criteria of Oldenlandia diffusa seeds.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Thirty batches of O. diffusa seeds from different provenances with different collecting time were selected. And the seed germination percentage, seed purity, weight per 1 000 grains, moisture content and seed viability were determined and analyzed through SPSS 11.0 software.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>Seed germination percentage was selected as the main index for classification, while seed purity, weight per 1 000 grains and moisture content could be used as references. The quality classification criteria of O. diffusa seeds have been initially established.</p>

Relationship between seedling grade and plant growth, yield and quality of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide the basis for standardization cultivation of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium, the relationship between the seedling grading and plant growth, yield and quality were studied.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The morphological index of the seedlings was measured and the method of principal component and correlation analysis were used to determine the grading index, and step-wise cluster analysis was applied for clustering analysis. Pot experiments were used to measure the indicators of plant growth and development, yield and quality.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The height and ground diameter were determined for the quality indicators of the seedlings grading, and the standard quality grading of seedlings of Ch. morifolium was initially set up. The ground diameter of the class I and II were larger than that of the class III, and the number of branches of class I and II was more than that of the class III, on the contrary, the plant height of the class III was higher than that of the class I and II. The shape and appearance of the plant had no effect on the intrinsic quality. Flower center diameter and tubular floret number of the class I and II were significantly larger than those of the class III, so as the yield. The seedling grading had no obvious effect on the internal quality of medicinal material.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Seedlings of the class I and class II were suitable for transplanting.</p>

In vitro embryo culture of Epimedium wushanense / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the in vitro embryo culture of Epimedium wushanense and provide scientific basis for large scale production of tissue culture.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Cullus and buds were induced from embryo of E. wushanense on a MS medium supplemented with different 2,4-D,6-BA, NAA, IBA.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The optimal compositions of medium that induced callus and buds from embryo were the MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg x L(-1), IBA 2 mg x L(-1) and NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1) and the MS medium supplemented with IBA 2 mg x L(-1) and 6-BA 0.5 mg x L(-1), respectively. The optimum medium for callus differentiation was MS + 6-BA 1 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1) + IBA 1 mg x L(-1), and MS +6-BA 1.0 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1) for shoots proliferation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Using embryo as explants, the method of induction and culture of E. wushanense was established by the callus and buds, and the embryo of E. wushanense can be quickly propagated.</p>

Study on seeds dormancy release and physiological change of Thesium chinense / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the seeds dormancy release and physiological change of Thesium chinense.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>To release dormancy, the seeds of T. chinense were treated with chemical reagent and stratification under 3-5 degrees C.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>When washed with flowing water for 24 h, then soaked in 500 mg x L(-1) GA3 for 24 h, finally, treated with stratification method under 3-5 degrees C for 150 day, the split rate of T. chinense seeds reached 22%, crude fat decreased 50%, total sugar and dissolvability sugar increased 3-4 times, ABA decreased more than 90%, GA3 increased more than 5 times.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The seeds dormancy of T. chinense can be released with the method of washing with flowing water for 24 h, then soaking in 500 mg x L(-1) GA3 for 24 h, finally, treated with stratification method under 3-5 degrees C for 150-180 day.</p>

Study on biological characteristics of Thesium chinense / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the biological and growth characteristics of Thesium chinense.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The wild population was observed in certain sites, pot and indoor experiments were applied for cultivated plant.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>T. chinense is an obligate root hemiparasite and perennial herb, stem and leaf were green, there were haustoriums on its root, can only achieve its whole life process when parasitized to host. T. chinense grows mostly in the humid wasteland and herbaceous community where water is generally abundant. T. chinense likes light, warm climate and acidic to neuter soil. The seeds of T. chinense have dormancy characteristics. The life history of T. chinense can divide into 5 stages: seedling, ramify, florescence, fructification and withering periods.</p>

Study on hemiparasitic mechanism of Thesium chinense / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the hemiparasitic mechanism of Thesium chinense.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The anatomical structure of T. chinense was studied by using paraffin slice and electron microscope slice. Chlorophyll content was measured by UV spectrometry. Foliar photosynthesis (P(n)) and gas exchange were measured by using a LI-6400 photosynthesis system.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Chloroplast possesses intact granal thylakoid system, lamella was strong. Vascular tissue of T. chinense was strong. Vessel aperture and its transport power were strong both in root and stem. There were many global haustoriums on lateral roots. Vascular tissues were strong inside haustorium, haustorial stylet penetrated epidermis and cortex of host root, and reached pith place, haustorial vessel was integrated with host root vessel. The maximum of P(n) of T. chinense reached 7.06 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), its water use efficiency was lower, about 0.735 mmol x mol(-1), its transpiration varied notable in daytime and was relatively invariant at nighttime, and the value of daytime was greatly exceed that of nighttime.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>T. chinense despoils water and nutrition from its host by haustorium. T. chinense can mostly be independent as for C supply by photosynthesis.</p>

Rapid identification system for seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To achieve the rapid identification for seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium, the discriminant equation was established and the software for rapid identification was designed.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Leaf structure of medicinal Chrysanthemum of 12 cultivars was analyzed to establish the discriminant equation based on variance analysis and discriminant analysis. On this basis, the identification program and software (based on the python language) were designed.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Through the analysis of variance and multiple comparisons for the 11 leaf parameter index data of 12 different cultivars, it was found that that the leaf parameters were significant different from each other and reached significant levels. The discriminant equation and the rapid identification software were set up based on the analysis of various indicators.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rapid identification system of seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum could be achieved through the establishment of discriminant equation combined with computer technology.</p>

Influence of storage period and grading standards on quality of Prunella vulgaris / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of storage period and grading standards on the quality of Prunella vulgaris in order to provide a theoretical basis for standardized cultivation.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The spices of P. vulgaris in different storage period (including current year, first-year and second-year) were collected from Lujiang base in Anhui Province. The samples were randomized, with the methods of morphologic characteristics and commercial size on P. vulgaris, the samples were graded into three grades; according to the methods from the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, water-soluble extracts, ethanol-soluble extracts, total ash and acid insoluble ash were measured, respectively, utilizing the UV spectrophotometry to detection the contents of total flavonoids and polysaccharides, the levels of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and rosmarinic acid were adopted by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The total ash and acid insoluble ash of P. vulgaris showed significantly increase during prolonged storage; however, the content of water-soluble extracts, ethanol-soluble, total flavonoids, polysaccharides, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid,rosmarinic acid showed significantly decrease during prolonged storage. The spica of P. vulgaris exhibited no rules differences between the quality and grading standards, The second-degree belongs to high content of total flavonoids; the high content of polysaccharides was first-degree; the total ash and acid insoluble ash of spicas exhibited gradually decreased from first-degree to third-grade, and the content of water-soluble extracts, ethanol-soluble extracts,ursolic acid,oleanolic acid, rosmarinic acid showed gradually increased from first-degree to third-grade.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The current year was a suitable storage time of spicas from P. vulgaris could be selected; and the main bioactive components highest level of P. vulgaris spicas was third-degree, second-grade next, first-degree minimum.</p>

Complex evaluation for influence of hosts on hemipatasite Thesium chinense / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the influence of host species on growth and development and active component content of Thesium chinense.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Plant morphology and active component content of T. chinense grown with different hosts were measured. The hosts were evaluated by using index-sum method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Hosts significantly promoted the growth of T. chinense by increasing height, per plant weight, stem diameter, leaf area, the number of seed and haustorium,and decreased RW/SW ratio compared to without host treatment. Considerable differences existed among the effect of different host species treatments. Synthetical evaluation score of Gnaphlium affine was the highest (37), followed by Imperata cylindrical and Prunella vulgaris (36). It is suggested that they were superior hosts for T. chinense. But the scores of Triticum aestivum (25) and Eremochloa ophiuroides (17) were lower, so they were unsuited hosts for T. chinense.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hosts significantly promoted the growth of T. chinense. Considerable differences existed among the growth and development of T. chinense grown with different hosts, as well as active component content. Gnaphlium affine, Imperata cylindrical and Prunella vulgaris were superior hosts for T. chinense. While Triticum aestivum and Eremochloa ophiuroides were unsuited hosts for T. chinense.</p>

Study on quality of medicinal material of Thesium chinense / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the quality of medicinal material of Thesium chinense.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The active ingredients of total flavonoids, kaempferol, mannitol, polysaccharides were selected as the evaluative indicators to comprehensively evaluate the quality of medicinal material of T. chinense.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The total flavone 3.38%, kaempferol 0.984 7 mg x g(-1), mannitol 6.12%, polysaccharides 14.08% and water soluble extract 30.28% were measured in the sample of T. chinense. There was a certain correlation among these selected active ingredients. The compositions of most biological activities component in T. chinense of different populations were similar, but the contents were different significantly. The content of activities component in T. chinense showed a general tendency of declining during growth period and with the increase time of storage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Flavone, kaempferol, mannitol, polysaccharides should be selected as the indicators to evaluate the quality of medicinal material of T. chinense.</p>

Effects of light intensity on photosynthetic characteristics and seedling growth of Prunella vulgaris / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of light intensity on photosynthetic characteristics and seedling growth of Prunella vulgaris under different light intensity.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The seedling of P. vulgaris was shaded with shading net, and relative parameters were measured. The data was statistically processed.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>With the reducing light intensity, the young plant stems became slender, the leaf long increased. The plant height and net growth under 42% full light condition were significantly higher than those under the other light intensity, chlorophy II and carotenoid contents increased, as well as Chl a/b decreased under low light. Photosynthetic indicators of P(n), T(r) decreased under low light, but CO2 concentration increased, and G(s) content decreases and then increased under 10% full light intensity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>P. vulgaris manifested the different plasticity and adaptability under different light intensities. The 42% light intensity was the best and the proper shading would promote the growth of seedlings.</p>

Influence of nitrogen forms ratio on growth and photosynthetic characteristics in Prunella vulgaris / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The effects of different nitrogen forms on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Prunella vulgaris were observed.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Water culture experiments were carried out to observe the effects of NH4+: NO3- ratios(100:0, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 in mmol x L(-1)) on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of P. vulgaris.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The leaf area, fresh biomass and P(n) of these cultivars increased with the increasing of NH4(+) -N: NO3(-) -N ratios, and they were found to be the highest in 25: 75 NH4(+) -N: NO3)-) -N. However, they decreased with the increasing NH4(+) -N: NO3(-) -N ratio further. P. vulgaris had a minimum leaf area, biomass, chlorophyll content and P(n) in pure ammonium group. The biggest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were found in the ratios of NH4(+) -N to NO3(-) -N of 50: 50.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results indicated that properly increasing nitrate proportion could promote the growth and photosynthesis of P. vulgaris.</p>

Dynamic change of active component content in different parts of Prunella vulgaris / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Through determination of the dynamic change of the active component in different parts of Prunella vulgaris at different growth stages, to find the optimal harvest time.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Total flavonoids content was determined by using the spectrophotometric method, and the content of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid was determined by HPLC. The contents of ash and extract were determined according to the methods in Chinese Pharmacopeia (2005 edition).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There existed the active components in all parts of P. vulgaris, but the active component contents in different parts of P. vulgaris of at different growth stages, changed very obviously.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In Yangtze-Huaihai region, the optimal harvest time of Prunella spike best harvest is at the end of June, and Prunellastem at the end of May. All parts of P. vulgaris have medicinal value.</p>