Analysis of current situation and risk factors of primary nocturnal enuresis in adolescents / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) in adolescents, and to explore its psychological effects. 【Methods】 During Sep.2020 and Dec.2020, an epidemiological survey was conducted among 6 408 junior and senior high school students in a region of Henan Province by stratified and cluster random sampling. The survey included general information questionnaire, urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI), Enuresis Questionnaire, Self-esteem Scale (SES) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). 【Results】 A total of 7, 000 questionnaires were distributed and 6 408 (91.54%) were valid. The survey showed that the total prevalence of PNE among adolescents was 2.98%. The prevalence was 4.67% in those aged 12 years and 1.37% in those aged 18 years. The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that male (OR=1.677, P<0.05), overweight (OR=1.842, P<0.05), urgency (OR=1.676, P<0.05), frequency (OR=1.919, P<0.05), incontinence (OR=3.493, P<0.001), RUTI (OR=2.535, P<0.001) and family history (OR=3.005, P<0.001) were related to the risk of PNE. The SES score of PNE patients was lower than that of non-PNE group (z=-3.097, P<0.05), and the PSQI was higher (z=-5.456, P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The prevalence of PNE is high in adolescents and decreases gradually with age. Male, overweight, frequency, urgency, incontinence, RUTI and family history are risk factors. PNE has a negative impact on self-esteem and sleep quality in adolescents.

Changes of bladder morphology and function and effect on upper urinary tract dilatation at different time after lumbosacral nerve transecting in rats / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the changes in the morphology, structure and function of the bladders and their effects on the upper urinary tract dilatation(UUTD) after lumbosacral nerve transecting in rats.Methods:A total of 45 female SD rats were included, randomly divided into 3 groups with 15 rats in each group. Two groups were performed bilateral lumbar 6(L6) and cauda equina nerve shearing to establish neurogenic bladder(NB) model, which were nerve transected for 4 weeks(NB-4W) group and nerve transected for 12 weeks(NB-12W) group. Another group was performed bilateral L6 nerves and cauda equine exposing but not transecting, which was sham-operation (Sham) group. Cystometry and renal ultrasound examination were performed and rats in each group were killed to collect the kidney and bladder tissues in NB-4W group at 4 weeks, in Sham group and NB-12W group at 12 weeks after operation. HE, Masson staining, immunohistochemical staining and western blot were used to detect histological changes, expression of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Results:All rats in NB-4W and NB-12W group showed acontractile detrusor. In the NB-4W and NB-12W group, the maximum cystometric capacity [(5.84±0.33) ml and (3.13±0.35) ml], the detrusor leak point pressure [(25.41±0.86) cm H 2O and (27.36±2.04) cm H 2O] (1 cm H 2O = 0.098 kPa), were significantly higher than those in the Sham group [(0.98±0.14) ml, (7.13±0.90) cm H 2O, both P<0.05]. Compliance in NB-4W group [(0.28±0.21) ml/cm H 2O] and NB-12W group [(0.17±0.12) ml/cm H 2O] were significantly lower than that of the Sham group [(0.34±0.26) ml/cm H 2O], and the compliance of NB-12W group was lower than that of NB-4W group significantly (all P<0.05). HE staining of the bladder showed that the inflammatory cell infiltration was obvious in the NB-4W and NB-12W group. Bladder collagen volume fractions in NB-4W group [(30.5±1.5) %] and NB-12W group [(45.2±3.8) %] were both higher than that of Sham group [(20.7±2.2) %, both P<0.05]. The expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in the bladder tissue of NB-4W group were higher than those of sham group, and that of NB-12W group were higher than NB-4W group. In NB-4W group and NB-12W group, 3 (20.0 %) and 7 (46.7 %) rats were found hydronephrosis, respectively. Additionally, HE staining showed that the degree of renal tubule injury and the number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the NB-4W and NB-12W group were higher than those in the Sham group. Masson staining showed that the volume fraction of collagen in kidneys of NB-4W and NB-12W group were (13.1±1.4) % and (21.6±1.9) %, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in sham operation group [(4.6±0.7) %, both P<0.05]. Conclusions:Bilateral L6 + cauda equina nerve transecting can induce NB with hydronephrosis in parts of rats. The degree of bladder fibrosis gradually increased with the time of nerve transection, and the incidence and severity of UUTD also increased with the time of nerve transection.

Comparison of urodynamic changes in elderly patients with central neurogenic bladder and with peripheral neurogenic bladder / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To examine differences in urodynamic changes between central neurogenic bladder(CNB)and peripheral neurogenic bladder(PNB)in elderly patients.Methods:A total of 57 elderly patients over 60 years old with neurogenic bladder(NB)were divided into a CNB group and a PNB group based on the types of nerve injuries.Data on urodynamic parameters recorded for the two groups were compared and analyzed.Results:The rate of detrusor overactivity(DO)in the CNB group was significantly higher than that in the PNB group [66.7%(16/24)vs.36.4%(12/33), χ2=5.105, P=0.024]. There were significant differences between the two groups in maximum bladder capacity(MCC)[(277.8±101.1)in the CNB group vs.(481.4±110.2)ml in the PNB group, t=-7.149, P=0.001]and in safe bladder capacity(SBC)[(283.2±28.8)ml in the CNB group vs.(348.6±33.9)ml in the PNB group, t=-7.636, P=0.000]. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the maximum urine flow rate, residual urine volume, urination volume, leak point pressure, or detrusor pressure at the maximum urine flow rate(all P>0.05). In the CNB group, 8 patients had normal bladder sensation, 4 had disappeared bladder sensation, 10 had decreased sensation, and 2 had increased sensation.In the PNB group, 9 patients had normal bladder sensation, 4 had disappeared bladder sensation, 14 had decreased sensation, and 2 had increased sensation.There was no statistical significance in SBC between different sensation levels within each group( P>0.05). Conclusions:There are differences in urodynamic characteristics between the elderly patients with CNB and those with PNB.Decreases in MCC, SBC and DO are more likely to occur in CNB.

Efficacy and safety of LY01005 versus goserelin implant in Chinese patients with prostate cancer: A multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III, non-inferiority trial / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#LY01005 (Goserelin acetate sustained-release microsphere injection) is a modified gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist injected monthly. This phase III trial study aimed to evaluated the efficacy and safety of LY01005 in Chinese patients with prostate cancer.@*METHODS@#We conducted a randomized controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial across 49 sites in China. This study included 290 patients with prostate cancer who received either LY01005 or goserelin implants every 28 days for three injections. The primary efficacy endpoints were the percentage of patients with testosterone suppression ≤50 ng/dL at day 29 and the cumulative probability of testosterone ≤50 ng/dL from day 29 to 85. Non-inferiority was prespecified at a margin of -10%. Secondary endpoints included significant castration (≤20 ng/dL), testosterone surge within 72 h following repeated dosing, and changes in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prostate specific antigen levels.@*RESULTS@#On day 29, in the LY01005 and goserelin implant groups, testosterone concentrations fell below medical-castration levels in 99.3% (142/143) and 100% (140/140) of patients, respectively, with a difference of -0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.9% to 2.0%) between the two groups. The cumulative probabilities of maintaining castration from days 29 to 85 were 99.3% and 97.8%, respectively, with a between-group difference of 1.5% (95% CI, -1.3% to 4.4%). Both results met the criterion for non-inferiority. Secondary endpoints were similar between groups. Both treatments were well-tolerated. LY01005 was associated with fewer injection-site reactions than the goserelin implant (0% vs . 1.4% [2/145]).@*CONCLUSION@#LY01005 is as effective as goserelin implants in reducing testosterone to castration levels, with a similar safety profile.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04563936.

Analysis on related influencing factors and psychological behavior of boys with overactive bladder / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) in Chinese boys and risk factors, and to evaluate the psychological and behavioral status of OAB patients.Methods:Cross-sectional study.From October 2020 to July 2021, 2 800 boys aged 6-15 years from 6 primary and secondary schools in a county of Henan Province were selected by stratified random cluster sampling method.An anonymous questionnaire was used to investigate the epidemiological situation of OAB, including the basic information, lower urinary tract symptoms, Overactive Bladder Score Scale (OABSS) scores, pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) and strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). In addition, the correlation between OAB and residence, body mass index (BMI), nocturnal enuresis (NE), overuse of diapers, history of urinary tract infection, abnormal stool, phimosis, redundant prepuce, and concealed penis by Chi- square test, Logistic multivariate regression analysis, and t-test. Results:A total of 2 333 valid questionnaires were collected.The overall prevalence of OAB in boys was 6.0%(141/2 333 cases). NE, history of urinary tract infection, abnormal stool, overuse of diapers, phimosis, redundant prepuce, concealed penis were risk factors for OAB in boys ( OR>1, P<0.05), while BMI was not a risk factor for OAB in boys ( OR<1, P>0.05). The emotional symptoms[ (7.64±2.03) scores vs.(6.51±2.53) scores], conduct problems [(8.14±1.62) scores vs.(7.31±1.88) scores], hyperactivity[(5.64±2.27) scores vs.(4.98±2.03) scores], peer communication problems [(7.16±1.63) scores vs.(6.59±1.60) scores], difficulty scores[(30.26±6.48) scores vs.(27.69±6.44) scores] and PSQ scores [(5.36±3.00) scores vs.(3.94±2.53) scores] in OAB group were significantly higher than those of non-OAB group ( t=-5.117, -5.005, -3.310, -4.056, -4.553, -5.006, respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusions:OAB in boys is common and affects mental health and sleep quality.Meanwhile, NE, history of urinary tract infection, abnormal stool, overuse of diapers, phimosis, redundant prepuce, or concealed penis are the risk factors for OAB in boys.

Comparative study of air-charged urodynamic and water-filled urodynamic examinations of elderly patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To assess whether air-charged urodynamic(ACC)can replace water-filled urodynamic(WFC)and the value of ACC for the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)in these patients.Methods:In this prospective study, 27 male patients with BPH(aged 60-90 years)were randomly selected for WFC and ACC examinations during the same period to compare the values of urodynamic pressure parameters recorded for the two groups.Pressure values were compared using Bland-Altman plots and the paired sample t-test, and differences in abdominal pressure changes in the two groups were compared using the chi-square test. Results:Changes in WFC and ACC pressure values showed the same trends, but at the three points where data were recorded and compared, the mean abdominal pressure(Pabd), end of bladder filling pressure(Pves.fill)and maximum detrusor pressure(Pdet.void)were(25.3±8.5)cmH 2O(1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa), (26.0±8.08.4)cmH 2O and(98.8±32.8)cmH 2O for WFC and(32.5, 5.5±5.3)cmH 2O, (32.6±5.0)cmH 2O and(95.3±36.3)cmH 2O for ACC, respectively, The pressure values of the two methods were significantly different( P<0.05). WFC pressure values were unstable, with 74.07%(20/27)showing a marked decrease during bladder filling, significantly different from those measured by ACC( P<0.001). Band-Altman plots illustrated high consistency between pressure values measured via WFC and ACC. Conclusions:The pressure measured by ACC does not represent that measured by WFC, suggesting a clinical need to establish standard reference data for ACC.The abdominal pressure instability measured by WFC may be one of the factors leading to different detrusor pressures from the two methods.The high consistency between pressure values from ACC and WFC indicates that the former can also be used to assess changes in bladder function in elderly BPH patients.

Research progress in neurogenic bladder fibrosis in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Pediatric neurogenic bladder (PNB) is mostly caused by the dysplasia of lumbosacral spinal cord and nerve, and there is no effective treatment available at present.Bladder fibrosis occurs frequently in PNB, and the prevention and treatment of PNB fibrosis is still a challenge worldwide.Most PNBs develop bladder fibrosis over time, which is characterized by the thickened bladder wall, decreased bladder compliance, and obstruction of the bladder outlet.According to some studies, bladder fibrosis is not only related to bladder smooth muscle cells, but also epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells of bladder.However, the mechanism of fibrosis remains unclear.It has been reported that it is associated with the changes of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1)/ Smad, bladder high pressure and related angiotensin Ⅱ signal pathways.Although anti-fibrotic therapies that target a variety of factors have been employed in animal models, the clinical validation is still needed.It is required to conduct a further exploration on whether early clean intermittent catheterization could prevent the fibrosis in PNB patients with increased residual urine.In this paper, the research progress in PNB fibrosis would be reviewed, in order to provide reference for clinical practice.

The analysis of urodynamic and clinical features of detrusor underactivity in elderly men / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the urodynamic and clinical features of detrusor underactivity(DU)in elderly men aged 60 years and over.Methods:Five hundred and seventy-three men aged 60 years and over underwent urodynamic measurements due to dysuria were retrospectively analyzed.According to the urodynamic parameters of bladder contractibility index(BCI)and bladder outlet obstruction index(BOOI), they were divided into the three groups: only detrusor underactivity(DU group)(BCI<100 and BOOI<20), only bladder outlet obstruction(BOO group)(BCI≥100 and BOOI≥40), and the combined non-DU and non-BOO group(NDB group)(BCI≥100 and BOOI<20). The urodynamic and clinical features were compared between the three groups.Results:The internalized 323 patients meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into 3 groups: 75 in the DU, 207 in the BOO and 41 in the NDB.The age was higher in DU and BOO groups than in NDB group( P<0.05). The DU group versus the NDB group showed the higher levels or values in the volume at first desire(FDV)[(279±80)ml vs.(238±72)ml], the proportions of incomplete bladder emptying(41% vs.17%), urine flow interruption(39% vs.15%)and retention(26% vs.7%), and the lower levels in the voiding efficiency(VE)[(61±32)% vs.(110±41)%], (all P<0.05). The DU group vs.the BOO group showed the increased levels or values in the FDV[(279±80)ml vs.(206±67)ml]and maximum cytometric capacity(MCC)(353±113 ml vs.281±94 ml)and the proportions of urine flow interruption(39% vs.22%), TURP(26% vs.6%), and retention(26% vs.14%), and the decreased levels or values in the VE[(61±32)% vs.(78±37%)], the proportions of DO(41% vs.77%), urgency(26% vs.43%)and nocturia(23% vs.39%)(all P<0.05). Conclusions:The main urodynamic and clinical features are manifested as the reduction of bladder sensation and bladder emptying rate, urine flow interruption, urinary retention and having a TURP history in elderly man with detrusor underactivity.The proportions of DU and BOO are increased along with aging.

Changes in the bladder morphological structure and function and the expression significance of transforming growth factor-beta1 pathway-related proteins in neurogenic bladder rats / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate changes in the bladder morphological structure and function and the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) pathway-related proteins in the bilateral spinal nerve amputated neurogenic bladder(NB) rat.Methods:A total of 64 female SD rats were included, and 32 of them underwent bilateral spinal nerve L6+ S1 amputation to construct the NB model and the others were used as sham operation controls.Rats in both NB and control groups received bladder cystometry 3, 6, 12, 24 weeks after corresponding operation.Collagen fibers in their bladder tissues were detected by Masson staining and Sirius scarlet staining.TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad6 proteins were checked by immunohistochemical staining.TGF-β1 receptor Ⅰ protein was measured by Western blot.Results:Bladders in the NB group were instable, with bladder leak point pressure(BLPP) and underactive voiding pressures.The basal pressure [(22.10±2.51), (18.20±1.52), (31.20±2.82), (41.10±3.41) cmH 2O(1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa)] and bladder volume [(22.30±1.72), (49.10±5.54), (30.30±2.68), (13.50±1.52) mL] of the NB rats at 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks were significantly higher than those of the sham operation controls[(3.51±0.45) cmH 2O and (0.52±0.04) mL], and the difference were significant(all P<0.05). The bladder size and thickness in the NB group firstly increased (3, 6 weeks) and then decreased (12, 24 weeks), but the bladder weight increased continuously.Masson staining showed disordered fibrous connective tissues, disintegrated layered bla-dder wall, hypertrophied smooth muscle tissues and deposited intramuscular collagen on the nerve-amputated bladder wall.Sirius scarlet staining suggested that 24 weeks after nerve amputation, collagen Ⅲ increased greatly, and the ratio of type Ⅲ/Ⅰ collagen fibers (3.14±0.71) was significantly higher than that in the sham group (0.88±0.21) ( t= 7.48, P<0.01). According to the immunohistochemical staining results, the expressions of TGF-1β and Smad2 increased while the pathway inhibitory protein Smad6 decreased with time in the NB group.Western blot showed that the expression of TGF-β1 receptor Ⅰ in the amputated bladder was 1.3 and 1.6 folds higher than that in the sham group 12 weeks and 24 weeks after operation( t=6.06, 14.45, all P<0.01). Conclusions:In NB rats with bilateral spinal nerve amputated, bladder contraction becomes paralysis, intravesical pressure increases, bladder normal structure disintegrates and the fibrosis pathway TGF-β1/Smads is activated.Therefore, the key step of development of pediatric NB is bladder fibrosis, which should be prevented as early as possibly in the clinical practice.