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【Objective】 To predict the expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in urothelial bladder carcinoma based on normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). 【Methods】 The preoperative pelvic 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of 127 patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma were retrospectively studied, the ADC was measured, and the HER2 expression in postoperative tissue specimens was determined with immunohistochemistry (IHC). The differences in normalized ADC were analyzed among different HER2 expressions and among different expression divisions. Correlation between normalized ADC and HER2 expression was analyzed. The optimal diagnostic threshold for distinguishing different expression divisions were determined with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. 【Results】 Normalized ADC was negatively correlated with HER2 expression (tau-b=-0.180, P=0.008). Normalized ADC of HER2 overexpression group (IHC 2+, 3+) was lower than that of HER2 negative group (IHC 0, 1+) (P=0.081). Normalized ADC of HER2 expression group (IHC 1+, 2+, 3+) was significantly lower than that of HER2 zero-expression group (IHC 0) (P=0.020). Normalized ADC of HER2 strong positive group (IHC 3+) was significantly lower than that of HER2 non-strong positive group (IHC 0, 1+, 2+) (P=0.024). The optimal diagnostic threshold of HER2 strong positive group was 0.849; the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 0.621, 0.909 and 0.765, respectively. The optimal diagnostic threshold of HER2 overexpression group was 0.909; the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 0.547, 0.667 and 0.607, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Normalized ADC is negatively correlated with HER2 expression. ADC may be a potential marker for predicting HER2 expression.
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Objective:To discuss the efficacy of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) on the patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC).Methods:The clinicopathological data of bladder cancer patients who did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy and underwent RC in our center from November 2013 to December 2019 were collected. The average age of the patients was (67.4±10.9) years, including 284 males and 55 females. Postoperative pathology showed that 171 cases of MIBC and 168 cases of NMIBC. In the MIBC group, 124 patients received PLND. In the NMIBC group, 118 patients received PLND. There was no statistical difference of the PLND ratio between the two groups(72.5% vs. 65.5%, P=0.643). The average number of lymph nodes(LNs)in patients receiving PLND was(13.7±7.1). Explore the prognostic factors in NMIBC and MIBC respectively. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the effect of PLND on the prognosis of patients in MIBC and NMIBC group. Results:In MIBC group, 26 patients showed positive LNs, while 98 had negative LNs. 144 cases were high-grade urothelial carcinoma, and 47 cases received adjuvant treatment. In NMIBC group, 4 patients exhibited positive LNs, while 114 had negative LNs. 99 cases were high-grade urothelial carcinoma, and 15 cases received adjuvant treatment. After a median follow-up of 24(13, 43)months, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the 5-year overall survival(OS)of 395 patients was 63.6%. MIBC had a 5-year OS rate of 47.5%, while NMIBC had a rate of 79.1%. Univariate Cox regression showed that age≥65 years( HR=2.07, 95% CI 1.21-3.54, P=0.009), high tumor grade( HR=9.76, 95% CI 2.39-39.90, P<0.01), and positive lymph nodes( HR=2.47, 95% CI 1.27-4.78, P=0.008)were risk factors for the prognosis of MIBC.PLND ( HR=0.37, 95% CI 0.23-0.60, P<0.01) and adjuvant therapy ( HR=0.21, 95% CI 0.10-0.46, P<0.01) were protective factors of MIBC. However, the only risk factor of NMIBC was high tumor grade ( HR=6.66, 95% CI1.51-29.50, P=0.012). PLND had no effect on the prognosis of NMIBC patients following RC( HR=1.32, 95% CI 0.37-4.75, P=0.667). Multivariate COX regression analysis revealed that high tumor grade( HR=6.38, 95% CI 1.54-26.50, P=0.011) was independent risk factor of MIBC, PLND( HR=0.59, 95% CI 0.35-0.99, P=0.047), as well as adjuvant therapy ( HR=0.30, 95% CI 0.13-0.68, P=0.004) were independent protective factors of MIBC. Further analysis discovered that MIBC patients with negative LNs had a better prognosis than those with no PLND (62.4% vs. 16.1%, P<0.01)and positive LNs(62.4% vs.32.3%, P=0.005). However, there was no difference in prognosis between the negative LNs and no PLND group in NMIBC patients (81.3% vs. 66.6%, P=0.764). Conclusions:This study found that PLND was an independent predictive factor for MIBC patients receiving radical cystectomy.
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Objective:To investigate the value of the vesical imaging reporting and data system score (VI-RADS) in the prognostic assessment of patients with bladder cancer.Methods:The data of 294 patients with pathologically confirmed bladder cancer in our department from February 2012 to September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Divide the patients into two groups based on the surgical method. In the transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) group, there were 121 cases, 102 males and 19 females; The average age of the patients was (66.7±12.3) years old, 52 cases <65 years old, 69 cases ≥65 years old, with VI-RADS <3 in 84 cases, VI-RADS ≥3 in 37 cases. In the radical cystectomy (RC) group, there were 173 cases, including 154 males and 19 females; The average age of the patients was (65.7±10.8) years, 77 cases <65 years old, 96 cases ≥65 years old, with VI-RADS <3 in 51 cases and VI-RADS ≥3 in 122 cases. The prognostic factors of TURBT group and RC group were analyzed, and the predictive value of VI-RADS score on overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) of bladder cancer patients after surgery was analyzed.Results:In this study, there were 294 cases with postoperative pathological diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. The pathological staging was Ta stage in 104 cases (35.4%), T 1stage in 82 cases (27.9%), T 2 stage in 58 cases (19.7%), T 3 stage in 34 cases (11.6%), and T 4stage in 16 cases (5.4%). Pathological grading: 11 cases (3.7%) were low malignant potential, 77 cases (26.2%) were low grade, and 206 cases (70.1%) were high grade. There were 186 cases (63.3%) in the NMIBC group and 108 cases (36.7%) in the MIBC group. In the TURBT group, there were 114 cases (94.2%) in the NMIBC group and 7 cases (5.8%) in the MIBC group; In the RC group, there were 72 cases (41.6%) in the NMIBC group and 101 cases (58.4%) in the MIBC group. In the NMIBC group, the VI-RADS<3 and ≥3 were 128 cases (68.8%) and 58 cases (31.2%), respectively ( P<0.01); In the MIBC group, 101 cases (93.5%) had a VI-RADS <3 and 7 cases (6.5%) had a VI-RADS ≥ 3, respectively ( P<0.01). In the high grade of postoperative pathological group, 62 cases (30.1%) had a VI-RADS <3 and 144 cases (69.9%) had a VI-RADS ≥ 3, respectively ( P<0.01); In the non-high grade of postoperative pathological group, the VI-RADS <3 and ≥ 3 were 73 cases (83.0%) and 15 cases (17.0%), respectively ( P<0.01). The median OS survival for all patients in this study was 27.4 (16.6, 38.1)months and the median PFS survival was 24.7(14.0, 36.8) months. The results of univariate analysis showed that age ≥ 65 years old (OS: HR=6.09, P=0.001; PFS: HR=1.71, P=0.035), postoperative pathological diagnosis of tumor muscle infiltration (OS: HR=4.66, P<0.01; PFS: HR=2.24, P=0.001), postoperative high-grade tumor (OS: HR=4.26, P=0.008; PFS: HR=1.92, P=0.023), and VI-RADS score ≥ 3 (OS: HR=4.24, P=0.001; PFS: HR=2.21, P=0.002) were associated with poorer OS and PFS in patients. Multifactorial Cox model analysis revealed that a score of VI-RADS ≥3 was an independent risk factor for OS ( HR=3.41, P=0.012) and PFS ( HR=2.23, P=0.016). In the TURBT group, univariate analysis found that VI-RADS ≥3 ( HR=2.05, P=0.053) and high grade of postoperative pathology ( HR=2.77, P=0.005) were associated with poor PFS in patients, multifactorial Cox model analysis found only high grade of postoperative pathology ( HR=2.54, P=0.013) to be an independent risk factor for PFS. In the RC group, VI-RADS ≥3 ( HR=3.29, P=0.032) and age ≥65 years ( HR=5.37, P=0.001) were found to be independent risk factors for OS. The survival curve showed that the 5-year OS rates for groups with a VI-RADS ≥ 3 and <3 were 93.9% and 73.1%, respectively ( P<0.01), and the 5-year PFS rates for groups with a VI-RADS ≥ 3 and <3 were 76.5% and 53.0%, respectively ( P<0.01), with statistically significant differences. Conclusions:This study showed that VI-RADS ≥3 was an independent risk factor for prognosis in patients with bladder cancer and was more significant in patients receiving RC, but was not a significant predictor of prognosis in patients receiving TURBT.
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Objective:To compare the prognosis and complications of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) followed by ileal neobladder.Methods:The clinical data of 103 patients who underwent orthotopic ileal neobladder in Jiangsu Province Hospital from April 2010 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 51 MIBC patients and 52 NMIBC patients. In the MIBC group, there were 49 males and 2 females, aged (58.1 ± 8.9) years, with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of 1-2 in 48 cases and 3 in 3 cases. Open radical cystectomy (ORC) was performed in 2 cases, laparoscopic (LRC) in 34 cases and robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) in 15 cases. In the NMIBC group, there were 49 males and 3 females, aged (55.7 ± 9.9) years, ASA score of 1-2 in 51 cases and ASA score of 3 in 1 case. LRC was performed in 41 cases, and RARC in 11 cases. There were no statistically differences between the two groups in above indicators ( P>0.05). The Clavien-Dindo grading system (CCS) was used to assess the complications, defining CCS Ⅰ-Ⅱ as mild complications and CCS Ⅲ-Ⅴ as severe complications. According to their relationship to the neobladder, complications were be classified as neobladder-related and non-neobladder-related complications. The occurrence of complications and the prognosis of neobladder between MIBC and NMIBC were compared. Results:The average operation time of the MIBC group and NMIBC group were (421.2 ± 119.7) min vs. (439.8 ± 106.2) min. The blood loss were 400 (300, 700) ml vs. 400 (300, 625) ml. The frequency of lymph nodes removed were (14.9 ± 8.3) vs. (14.8 ± 8.5). The postoperative defecation time were 5 (4, 6) d vs. 5 (3, 6) d. And the postoperative hospital stay were 20 (15, 28) d vs. 22 (19, 28) d. There were no statistically differences between the two groups in above indicators ( P>0.05). The MIBC group had a significantly lower rate of pelvic lymph node metastasis [17.6% (9/51) vs. 0(0/52), P=0.001] and tumor thrombosis [23.5% (12/51) vs. 5.8% (3/51), P=0.011] than the MIBC group. Moreover, the NMIBC group had a considerably superior 5-year overall survival (OS) (97.6% vs. 70.2%, P=0.035). The proportion of pads needed in the daytime of the MIBC group and NMIBC group were 14.6% (7/46) vs. 6.7% (3/45). The frequency of urination were (2.0 ± 0.7) h vs. (2.4 ± 0.7) h. Furthermore, The proportion of pads needed at night were 47.9% (23/48) vs. 53.3% (24/45). The frequency of nocturnal urination were 3.1±1.5 vs. 2.3 ± 1.7. And the number of pads needed at night were all 1 (0, 1) pad. The daytime and nighttime incontinence rate were 25.0% (12/48) and 62.5% (30/48) respectively in MIBC, compared to 11.1% (5/45) and 62.2% (28/45) respectively in NMIBC. And the proportion of erectile function retention were 15.8% (6/38) vs. 25.0% (10/40). There were no statistically significant differences in the prognosis of neobladder function between the two groups ( P>0.05). Furthermore, the proportions of mild complications in the MIBC group and NMIBC group were [41.2% (21/51) vs. 51.9 (27/52)]. The proportions of severe complications were [21.6% (11/51) vs. 19.2% (27/52)]. The proportions of neobladder-related complications were [27.5% (14/51) vs. 25.0% (13/52)]. And the proportions of non-neobladder-related complications were [39.2% (20/51) vs. 25.0% (13/52)]. There were no statistically significant differences in the complications between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:There was no statistically significant difference in functional prognosis and complications of neobladder between MIBC group and NMIBC group, and NMIBC had a better oncologic prognosis.
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Objective:To compare the diagnostic accuracy between multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) and biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (bp-MRI) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).Methods:The clinical data of 195 patients with bladder cancer at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from July 2020 to June 2022, were retrospectively reviewed. There were 160 males and 35 females, with the median age of 68(61, 76)years old. Mp-MRI was performed on each patient within 6 weeks before transurethral resection of bladder tumor or radical cystectomy. Each patients’ images were divided into two sets. Set 1 (bp-MRI) included the axial, sagittal, coronal T2-weighted images (T2WI), and axial diffusion-weighted images (DWI) or apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Set 2 (mp-MRI) included Set 1 images in addition to dynamic contrast-enhanced images. All images were independently reviewed and evaluated by two radiologists. Mp-MRI was evaluated according to the Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS)guideline, and bp-MRI was evaluated according to two types of criteria. Bp-MRI (Criterion A): VI-RADS scoring is determined 2 when T2WI 3-point with DWI 2-point. Bp-MRI (Criterion B): VI-RADS scoring is determined 3 when T2WI 3-point with DWI 2-point. VI-RADS scoring ≥ 3 or ≥ 4 was used as the cut-off value to predict MIBC. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of mp-MRI, bp-MRI (Criterion A), and bp-MRI (Criterion B) were calculated, as well as receiver operating characteristic curves and the areas under the curve (AUC).Results:Of 195 patients, 135 patients (69.2%) were pathologically confirmed as NMIBC and 60 patients (30.8%) were MIBC. When the VI-RADS cut-off value was ≥ 3, the sensitivity of mp-MRI, bp-MRI (Criterion A), and bp-MRI (Criterion B) were identical, all at 88.3% (53/60). The specificity of bp-MRI (Criterion A), bp-MRI (Criterion B), and mp-MRI were 88.9% (120/135), 73.3% (99/13), and 86.7% (117/135), respectively. When the VI-RADS cut-off value was ≥ 4, both bp-MRI (Criterion A) and bp-MRI (Criterion B) were classified as the same criterion. The sensitivity of bp-MRI and mp-MRI were 70.0% (42/60) and 75.0% (45/60), respectively. The specificity of bp-MRI and mp-MRI were identical, at 95.6% (129/135). The AUC for bp-MRI (Criterion A), bp-MRI (Criterion B), and mp-MRI were 0.927 (95% CI 0.881-0.959), 0.904 (95% CI 0.853-0.941), and 0.927 (95% CI 0.881-0.959), respectively. The AUC for bp-MRI (Criterion A) and mp-MRI were significantly higher than that of bp-MRI (Criterion B) ( P<0.001). There was no significant difference in AUC between bp-MRI (Criterion A) and mp-MRI ( P=0.939). Conclusions:Bp-MRI (Criterion A), VI-RADS scoring is determined 2 when T2WI 3-point with DWI 2-point, shows comparable diagnostic accuracy in predicting MIBC with mp-MRI. Compared to bp-MRI (Criterion B), the corresponding situation when VI-RADS scoring is determined 3, bp-MRI (Criterion A) may have better diagnostic accuracy than bp-MRI (Criterion B) in predicting MIBC.
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Objective@#To elucidate the mechanism of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) mediated anti-HBV effect.@*Methods@#The CCK-8 kit was used to test cell viability in response to EGCG treatment. For HBV DNA replication assay, purified HBV DNA was analyzed by real-time PCR assay. Western blotting was used to confirm HNF4α expression in response to EGCG or siRNA treatment.@*Results@#Our result showed that, EGCG treatment significantly decreasee HBV DNA level both in vivo and in vitro without affecting cell viability. Curiously, we found that EGCG treatment downregulated HNF4α expression. Considering that HNF4α could restrain HBV replication, we knocked down HNF4α in HepG2.2.15 cells and found that the response of HBV replication to EGCG decreased obviously.@*Conclusions@#The above result suggest that HNF4α could be an important intracellular factor in EGCG mediated anti-HBV signaling pathway.
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Objective To observe the impacts of the method of fortifying the spleen and supplementing Qi on the cellular immunity of chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)carriers.Methods Asymptomatic HBV carriers group(ASC group,n=60)with HBV DNA positive were randomly divided into Fortifying the Spleen and Supplementing Qi decoction group(A group,n=30)and conventional treatment group(B group,n=30),the peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were detected with flow cytometey and compared with those of the healthy people(The normal control group,n=18).All the patients were treated,and 24 weeks after treatment the indexes were measured again.Results As compared with those of normal controls,the numbers of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were decreased significantly in HBV carriers(P＜0.01);There was a statistical significance between the values before and complete the treatment with the decoction of fortifying the spleen and supplementing Qi(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),and compared with conventional treatment group,there Was a statistical significance(P＜0.05).Conclusion T-cell subset function was disturbed in the HBV carriers.The method of fortifying the spleen and supplementing Qi could improve the cellular immunity of carriers with chronic hepatitis B.