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Karanja Kshara is an alkali, extracted from water soluble ash of the plant – Karanja {Pongamia pinnata (L.)}. The Kshara preparation techniques differ according to various authors, with respect to the ratio of water added to ash, soaking time, folds of cloth and number of filtrations. In the current study, Karanja Kshara was prepared as per different classical methods and analysed for the differences. Three samples of Karanja Kshara were prepared, according to the textual references from Sushrutha Samhita (Sample A), Sharngadhara Samhita (Sample B) and Rasa Tarangini (Sample C). Analysis of the methods of preparation along with organoleptic and Physico-chemical tests were conducted. There was a 14% yield of Kshara in Sample A, 7.45% of yield in Sample B and 7.54% in Sample C. In physicochemical analysis, there was 6.8%, 6.1% and 5.4% of loss on drying in Samples A, B and C, respectively. Total ash value was 84.7%, 85.78% and 87.89% in Samples A, B and C respectively. Acid insoluble ash value was 11.34%, 11.04% and 9.15%. pH value was 10.36, 10.30 and 10.37. Traces of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sulphur, oxides of silica, Carbonate & Bicarbonate were found in all the 3 samples. There are very few notable differences found in the results, however, they are quite similar. In terms of yield, economy and alkalinity, sample A (Sushrutha Samhita) can be considered as the better method while sample method C (Rasatarangini) is easier and faster.
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Introduction: Adenoids together with palatine tonsils tubaltonsils and lingual tonsil form the inner Waldeyer’s ring andits enlargement depends on external factors such as allergy,immunosuppression, passive tobacco smoke but mainlychronic bacterial and viral infection. The study comparesthe effectiveness of certain factors in conventional curettageversus endoscopic adenoidectomy in a tertiary care centrein Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Study was done with theobjectives to study the perioperative collateral injury, presenceof residual adenoid tissue and recovery time in conventionalversus microdebrider assisted endoscopic adenoidectomy inchildren less than or equal to 12 years.Material and methods: An observational study was done ina group of 60 patients of age less than or equal to 12 yearswho satisfied the inclusion criteria who underwent treatmentin department of ENT in Sree Gokulam medical collegeduring a period of 2017 – 2018. Patients were grouped into 2groups of 30 each. Group A underwent conventional curettageand group B underwent microdebrider assisted endoscopicadenoidectomy. Patients were followed up 1 week and 2months following the procedure by post operative nasalendoscopy to assess collateral damage and residual adenoidtissue.Results: The residual tissue in conventional adenoidectomywas 20% and 20 – 50% in 2 cases and more than 50% in 4cases. This was the main cause of persistence of symptomsin conventional adenoidectomy. The mean recovery timewas 4.1 days in conventional and 3.2 days in endoscopicadenoidectomy. In conventional adenoidectomy 3 cases(10%) had collateral damage in which 2 cases had injury toeustacian tube orifice and 1 case had injury to torus tubaris.In the endoscopic microdebrider assisted surgery no collateraldamage was recorded.Conclusion: The study showed that the completeness ofdissection, collateral injury and recovery time was better inthe endoscopic adenoidectomy compared to conventionalcurettage.
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Background: Nasal bone and piriform aperture shows racial and geographical differences because of variableclimate.Aim: the aim of this study was to evaluate the dimensions (maximal width and length), the size and the shape ofthe piriform aperture (PA) and nasal bone in South Indian adult.Materials and Methods: In this observational study, dimension of piriform aperture and nasal bone were measuredusing digital Vernier Calipers after assessing landmarks around the piriform aperture on the norma frontalis inFrankfurt plane in 51 skull of South Indian origin.Results: The mean height of the piriform aperture between male and female showed significance this hascorrelated well with the previously data acquired from human skulls. The present study findings were similar tomost of Indian skulls having platyrhine type of piriform aperture (triangular to oval shape with piriform apertureindex of 0.79. The Mean length and width of nasal bone did not show sexual dimorphism.Conclusion: the analysis of size and shape of the piriform aperture showed the existence of a significant sexualdimorphism. These results encourage us to go further with functional and imaging correlations. This study willalso be helpful in forensic research, anthropology and plastic surgery.
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Background: Magnetic resonance signal intensity of focal liver lesions is affected by numerous pathologic factors. Lesion histologic features, such as cellularity, vascularity, stromal component, and intratumoral necrosis or hemorrhage, strongly affect T1 and T2 relaxation times. Aim: Our study is done to assess the lesion characterization potential of MRI by evaluating unenhanced and dynamic gadolinium enhanced sequences. Materials and methods: A total of 50 consecutive patients who were diagnosed by sonography as having focal liver lesions for period of 2 years were included in the study. Results: Most of the patients are of 30 - 60 years. The mean age for malignant lesions is 51 years. Of 50 patients 32 are males and 18 are males. Male: female ratio 2:1. 65% of the lesions are located in right lobe of the liver. The most common benign lesion encountered was liver abscess followed by haemangiomas and most common malignant lesion was metastases. Abscess and hemangiomas were predominant in benign whereas metastases and hepatocellular carcinomas were predominant in malignant lesions. The difference in mean ADC values in both the groups was significant. Conclusions: MR imaging is a powerful tool for the evaluation of focal liver lesions. Pre contrast T1 weighted gradient echo images, T2 weighted images, inphase and out phase imaging, EPI - DWI and gadolinium enhanced T1 weighted images provide accurate characterization of the lesions.
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Background: Urolithias is the process of formation of stones in the kidney, bladder and urethra is a complex phenomenon yet not clearly understood. It is a condition distributed worldwide and it is dependent on socioeconomic conditions that have generated changes in the prevalence, incidence and distribution. We report a giant calculus that we came across during routine dissection of a 60 year old female cadaver in the Department of Anatomy. This cadaveric calculus is reported for the rarity of size of the calculus in modern times, with improved diagnosis and management.