Anatomy of the nerves, vessels, and muscular compartments of the forearm, as revealed by high-resolution ultrasound. Part 1: overall structure and forearm compartments

Abstract In recent decades, high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) has revolutionized the morphological and structural evaluation of peripheral nerves and muscles, revealing details of the internal structure of the neural fascicles and muscle architecture. Applications range from diagnostics to interventional procedures. The anatomy of the forearm region is complex, with several muscles and an extensive network of vessels and nerves. To guarantee the success of the evaluation by HRUS, knowledge of the normal anatomy of the region is essential. The aim of these two companion articles is to present the normal anatomy of the nerves and compartments of the forearm, as revealed by HRUS, as well as the relationships between the main vessels and nerves of the region. Part 1 aims to review the overall structure of nerves, muscles and tendons, as seen on HRUS, and that of the forearm compartments. We present a practical approach, with general guidelines and tips on how best to perform the study. Part 2 is a pictorial essay about compartment vascularization and cutaneous innervation. Knowledge of the normal anatomy of the forearm improves the technical quality of the examinations, contributing to better diagnoses, as well as improving the performance and safety of interventional procedures.

Anatomy of the nerves, vessels, and muscular compartments of the forearm, as revealed by high-resolution ultrasound. Part 2: vascularization of compartments and cutaneous innervation

Abstract In recent decades, high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) has revolutionized the morphological and structural evaluation of peripheral nerves and muscles, revealing details of the internal structure of the neural fascicles and muscle architecture. Applications range from diagnostics to interventional procedures. The anatomy of the forearm region is complex, with several muscles and an extensive network of vessels and nerves. To guarantee the success of the evaluation by HRUS, knowledge of the normal anatomy of the region is essential. The aim of these two companion articles is to present the normal anatomy of the nerves and compartments of the forearm, as revealed by HRUS, as well as the relationships between the main vessels and nerves of the region. Part 1 aims to review the overall structure of nerves, muscles and tendons, as seen on HRUS, and that of the forearm compartments. We present a practical approach, with general guidelines and tips on how best to perform the study. Part 2 is a pictorial essay about compartment vascularization and cutaneous innervation. The relationships between arteries, satellite veins and nerves, as well as the relationship between cutaneous nerves and superficial veins, are demonstrated. Knowledge of the normal anatomy of the forearm improves the technical quality of the examinations, contributing to better diagnoses, as well as improving the performance and safety of interventional procedures.

Use of cowpea and pigeon pea as nutritional ingredients in culture media

Dehydrated commercial culture media are hygroscopic and expensive. Cheap, locally available plant seeds such as cowpea [Vigna unguiculata] and pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan] could be used in the design and formulation of microbial culture media in order to reduce the cost. To make use of locally cheap seeds as a basic nutrient medium for the isolation of different microorganisms. Solid culture media from locally available plants were designed to include three types, [i] simple; [ii] enriched with the addition of human blood; [iii] differential with lactose and phenol red as a pH indicator, and formulated to contain cowpea and pigeon pea flours in combination in a concentrations of 2%. The name DANIEL and SHAMSOUN [D and S] was used for the designed media. Twenty bacterial species and Candida albicans were inoculated for the observation of the growth response. On D and S simple medium all the organisms grew typically except, Corynebacterium diphtheriae which did not grow and Streptococcus pyogenes and Neisseria meningitidis which revealed atypical colonies. On D and S human blood agar medium, all the organisms grew typically, but the beta- hemolysis of some of the [3-haemolytic species was not detected and some species revealed green pigmented colonies and green pigmentation on the medium. On D and S differential medium, all lactose-fermenting species revealed typical, yellow colonies and all non-lactose-fermenting species revealed typical, pink-red colonies, except, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans which revealed typical, yellow colonies. The flours of cowpea and pigeon pea are good sources of protein, carbohydrates and minerals, so they can be used in the preparation of different types of culture media for the isolation of different species of bacteria and Candida albicans as shown in this study

Retrospective Review of Kirschner Wire Fixation and Casting for Displaced Lateral Condylar Fracture of the Humerus in Children

This study was conducted to assess the optimum period for Kirschner wire fixation and cast immobilization for displaced lateral condylar fracture of the humerus in children. We retrospectively reviewed 12 patients with displaced lateral condyle humerus fracture, ranging in age from 3-9 y, with injuries that occurred between Jan 2005 and Dec 2006. All patients were treated with two Kirschner wire fixation and elbow immobilization. In all except 2 patients, the Kirschner wires were maintained for 3 to 4 weeks. Mean time for union was 3.78 weeks and mean humeroulnar arch motion at last review was 138.7 degrees. Only one patient had a 5 degree increased carrying angle in valgus as compared to the non-injured side, and 50% had prominent scars > 4mm. We conclude that fracture union can be expected within three to four weeks for most children after open reduction and fixation with 2 Kirschner wires.