future balance between training and demand for radiologists in Iran

The present study aimed to evaluate the balance between training and demand for radiologists in the Iranian health care system between 2008 and 2027. A total number of 250 clusters were randomly selected from urban and rural areas of Iran, of which 168 were selected from urban areas and 82 were selected from rural areas. In order to collect basic medical data and to determine the number of radiology visits in the last two weeks, questionnaires were prepared and sent out to the subjects' houses. Information on the number of radiologists as well as statistics on the Iran's population were provided by the Medical Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran [IRI] and the Statistics Center of IRI, respectively. Radiologists were visited 245 times during a two-week time period, which resulted in an average referral to radiologists of 0.125 for each individual. Our results indicated a slight shortage of radiologists in 2008, which is expected to disappear till 2023. Afterwards, the training of radiologists is expected to slightly surpass the demands. Results from the present study suggested that an overall balance between training and demand for radiologists in Iran is likely to happen in near future

[Evaluating antimutagenic activity of probiotic bacteria isolated from probiotic products]

Probiotic bacteria are microbial nutrition supplements which have useful effects on human health by maintaining of bowel microbial balance. There are many studies that have been suggested the use of probiotic products as cancer risk reducer. The aim of this study, is isolation and detection of probiotic agents from yoghurt and probiotical tablet and evaluation of their abilities to decrease some effects of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents. In this study, probiotic bacteria were isolated from yogurt and probiotic tablet by using MRS in anaerobic condition [5% Co2 and gas peck] and temperature of 37[degree]c. Then, they were detected by using biochemical tests. Their anti mutagenic effects of supernatant culture were evaluated against mutagenic agents of azid Sodium and Potassium Permanganate by ames test [Salmonella typhimurium TA100] in presence and absence of S[9]. Six probiotic bacteria were isolated from yogurt and probiotic tablet. Their anti mutagenic activity results based on ames test showed they can inhibit mutagenic agents more than 40% in some species, which is considered as a good result. The results of this study show that the use of probiotic bacteria found in different products such as yogurt and probiotic tablets, have proper anti mutagenic and anti carcinogenic effects. They change the micro flora of bowel and, as a result, reduce absorption of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents and help to maintain human health

[ effect of culture medium on metabolic and antibacterial activities of probiotic bacteria]

Probiotic bacteria is added directly to food components and it has beneficial effect on function and the health of organisms. The bifidogenic factors enter the colon where they contribute to an increase lactic acid bacteria population including Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and they inhibit enteric pathogenic bacterial growth. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of culture medium on metabolic and antibacterial of probiotic bacteria. In this study, the probiotics bacterial and intestine pathogenic are to be used. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium were identified by plating samples on MRS medium, Gram Staining and standard biochemical methods. The effect of antagonistic probiotics was investigated in the presence of growth factor in the method well diffusion Ager on the Shigella flexneri [PTCC 1234], Escherichia coli [PTCC 1552], Salmonella typhi [PTCC 1609] and the culture medium pH was measured. The probiotics bacterial growth in MRS and lactose1%, sorbitol, raffinose, riboflavin were shown the effect antibacterial. The results of the study show the most antagonistic activity in commercial strain Lactobacillus acidophilus on Shigella flexneri and lower activity was in Lactobacillus casei [PTCC 1608], and Salmonella typhimurium [PTCC 1609], and also in Bbifidobacterium bifidum, it showed the most decrease pH value. According to the result of the study, adding growth factors to MRS medium base and lactose 1%, probiotic growth was increased and which also increased antagonistic activity

[ effect of photoperiod duration on hatching rate of eggs in wild persian sturgeon [acipenser persicus]]

The Persian Sturgeon [Acipenser Persicus] is an indigenous and most populous sturgeon in the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea. Nowadays, their numbers are decreasing due to certain problems that are affecting their early life. The aim of this study was to take up the optimal photo period in hatching stage of wild Persian sturgeon eegs. One female [weight of 38kg and length of 178cm] and one male [weight of 15kg and length of 145cm] spawner of Persian Sturgeon were selected with the female the male having a after fertilization there were 3 kg of eggs [with a 92% fertilization rate]. The fertilized eggs were transferred to 12 boxes of Youshchenkov's incubators with different lighting treatments as follows: control treatment [12 hrs of light and 12 hrs of darkness]; treatment one [8hrs of light and 16 hrs of darkness]; treatment two [24hrs of light]; and, treatment three [24hrs of darkness]; considered 3 replications for each treatment. Thick aluminum foil was applied to create a dark condition for each incubator box. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA test followed Tukey's test. The results showed no significant difference for the hatching rate in the four different treatments [p>0.05], but, the hatching rate in treatment three was higher when compared with the other groups [48.65 +/- 7.53%]. The results also showed that the mean weight of larvae in treatment three was more than the other ones [101.14 +/- 4.25g]. In treatment three, the number of larvae per gram was less than the other treatments [48 per gram], with no significant difference [p>0.05]. It can be concluded that in the incubation stage, Persian Sturgeon [Acipenser Persicus] is more adaptable to darker conditions, hence providing dark conditions in the incubation period is necessary to obtain a larger quantity of high quality larvae

Amantadine versus methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind trial

Background: The aim of the present study was to further evaluate, under double blind and controlled conditions, the efficacy of amantadine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] in children and adolescents as compared to methylphenidate. Materials and methods: this was a 6-week randomized clinical trial. Forty patients [28 boys and 12 girls] with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD were the study population of this trial. All study subjects were randomly assigned to receive the treatment using capsule of amantadine at a dose of 100- 150 mg/day depending on weight [100 mg/day for <30 kg and 150 mg/day for >30 kg] or methylphenidate at a dose of 20-30 mg/day for a 6- week double blind, randomized clinical trial. The principal measure of outcome was the Teacher and Parent Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups on the Parent and Teacher Rating Scale scores [df=1; F=0.02; p=0.86 and df=1; F=0.01; p=0.89, respectively]. Side effects of decreased appetite and restlessness were observed more frequently in the methylphenidate group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that amantadine significantly improved symptoms of ADHD and was well tolerated and it may be beneficial in the treatment of children with ADHD. Nevertheless, the present results do not constitute proof of efficacy

[Influence of operational, technical and environmental factors on exposure of motor-vehicle painters to volatile organic solvents]

Considering the acute and chronic effects of organic solvents to which vehicle painters are exposed for long periods of time, their evaluation and control is crucial for protection of health of the employees. This study aimed to find the most influential factors on exposure to, and spreading pollution with, benzene, toluene, xylem, and etylebenzene [BTEX] in order to be able to choose the best control measures. In a motor-vehicle company the vehicle painting process was studied in detail and the solvents used in paints and in spreading organic solvent stations were identified. Based on the types and concentrations of the variables being studied, using the NIOSH method a total of 240 air samples were collected [5 samples for each variable and the respective controls] and analyzed. The SPSS version 11.5 was used for data analysis, the statistical tests being multi-regression and analysis of variance. Exposure to benzene in all occupational tasks, as well as to toluene in top coating and undercoating stations exceeded, while exposure to etylebenzene and xylene did not reach, the respective permitted exposure limits [p<0.05]. The most effective factors on exposure to all the four solvents were, in order of effectiveness, occupational task, gun type, and the type of paint sued [p<0.05]. The effects of the variables studies - occupational task, gun and paint types - on exposure to BTEX relate to differences in occupational task work load, the type of gun used, and the paint organic solvent formulation. The reason for the potentially high exposure to benzene is its presence as an impurity in the paint solvents. Thus, it is highly recommended that in the process of control and evaluation special attention be paid to these factors

[Biopsy and histological study of gonads from farmed acipenser persicus]

Sexual cells in male fishes are microscopic and smaller than eggs in females. Due to the late maturation age in sturgeons, the biopsy of gonads and histological studies are one of the most important and reliable ways to detect and separate males and females from each other at early ages. The aim of the present study was to determine and divide the sexes in farmed Acipenser persicus reared under artificial conditions. In order to detect and determine sexual maturation stages, gonads of 81 farmed A. persicus were sampled by biopsy. Samples were fixed and studied by light microscope. Results showed that males and females were 30 [37%] and 51 [63%] individuals, respectively. The determination of sexual maturation stages in A. persicus showed that 16% were at stage I, 23.5% at stage I - II, 59.3% at stage II and 1.2% at stage III. The number of females was higher than that of males, but sexually mature females were at lower maturation stages than males in the same age and rearing conditions

Coronary artery disease and its risk factors status in Iran: a review

Coronary artery disease [CAD] is a leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability in the world. The high prevalence and morbidity associated with CAD in Iran is one of the most pressing health problems. We have reviewed the status of CAD and prevalence of its traditional and novel risk factors based on the published papers in recent years that may have an impact on the rate of CAD in Iran. Evaluation of current impact of metabolic syndrome in Iran was the other aim of this review, as it contributes to pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. We reviewed all PubMed indexed related studies. Some evidences from national articles which were published by the Ministry Of Health and Medical Education Research Council Certified Medical Journals of Islamic Republic of Iran were also included. The prevalence of CAD, coronary risk factors and metabolic syndrome in Iran is higher than Western countries and similar to some Middle East countries. There are limited data with regard to novel coronary risk factors in Iran. Primary and secondary prevention of CAD including life style modifications and dietary interventions strongly recommended in Iranian population

Prevalence and molecular identification of mediterranean glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Khuzestan Province, Iran

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6Pd] deficiency is the most frequent genetic enzymatic disorder in human, which is inherited as an X-linked gene. It encodes a housekeeping enzyme, which is vital for cell survival. According to previous investigations, Mediterranean mutation [C563T] of g6pd gene is the most prevalent mutation in some provinces of Iran and neighboring countries. We aimed to study the Mediterranean mutation of g6pd gene in Khuzestan province of Iran. A total of 1064 randomly selected male blood samples were selected in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province, in 2008 and screened for G6PD deficiency using fluorescent spot test method. In order to determine the frequency of G6PD Mediterranean variant, 144 G6PD deficient samples were analyzed by PCR-RFLP method. Eighty-one out of 1064 random selected screened samples were G6PD deficient, so a 7.6% frequency was obtained for G6PD deficiency. In addition, 105 out of 144 collected deficient samples had Mediterranean mutation that resulted in a 72.91% allel frequency. Corresponding to other investigations in Middle East countries and some provinces of Iran, we found that the Mediterranean mutation of g6pd gene was the most prevalent variant and G6PD deficiency occurred in a high frequency

[ rate of one and 6 months relapse after withdrawal in opioid dependent patients that have been detoxified]

Opioid Detoxification with Relieving Sign and Symptoms is the first step in Management of Opioid Dependents. However, many studies show that 6 month relapse after Detoxification is nearly 50%.The aim of this study was the Evaluation of the rate of 1 and 6 month relapse staying in Detoxified opioid dependent Patients. 200 Completed files from consecutive referrals were used in this Study. Completion of Detoxification was been Confirmed by Naloxone Challenge Test or Consuming Orally 50 mg daily Naltrexone Capsules. At first Identifying data of all Patients extracted. Then in follow ups 1 and 6 month relapse of patients Assessed. In our study 88% were male, 7.5% were less than 20 years old, 42% was between 20-30 years old, 26% were above 40 years old. Mean age of Patients was 33 years old. 57% were married. 52% have Unsteady Job. 16% were Organizational Employee and 22.5% have no work. The Educational grades of 28 patients were under 8, 40% had Diploma Degree. 2.5% had degrees higher than Bachelor. 70% patients had 2 or More times history of Relapse after Detoxification. 1 month relapse was 18.5% and 6 moth relapse was 54.5%. The relapse was significantly higher among Women, employers [more than non employers], Singles and those with the history of relapse in the past

[Assessment of color matching ability among the student of Yazd faculty of dentistry]

One of the most challenging procedures in restorative dentistry is fitting the color of the restoration to the tooth. The main purpose of this study was to determine the ability rate of color matching among the students of Yard faculty of dentistry in December 2004. In this descriptive study, 127 dental clinical students of Yard faculty were participated. Age, gender, wearing eyeglasses or lens and the year of starting the dental faculty were assessed as variable. Heliomolar composite with 16 colors was used to make the shade guide and 6 colors of the same composite were used as test group. The students were matched the shade guide with the test group in similar conditions. The data was analyzed by t, ANOVA and LSD test. Mean truth definition of all colors in 20-29 years old students were 3.86 and in 30-40 years old group were 3.38 and there was no significant differences between them. Mean truth definition in male group was 3.57 and was 3.91 in females. There was no significant differences between them. Mean truth definition in all of the colors by students without eyeglasses or contact lens were 3.98 and the other group was 3.55 which was significantly differences [P=0.023]. The difference between the entrance year for mean truth definition of all colors was significant [P=0.016]. In this study, the students whom specially wear photochoromic eyeglasses or contact lenses were lower truth color definition, but age and gender had no effect on truth color definition