Adulticidal activity of olea vera, linum usitatissimum and piper nigera against anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions

There are several plant extractions which are being used for mosquito control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Olea vera, Linum usitatissimum and Piper nigera against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. These tests were carried out using WHO recommended bioassay method for adult mosquitoes. The extracts from black pepper was more effective as adulticide with lowest LC[50] values [2.26% and 8.4%] against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi after 24 h of exposure while after 48h [1.56% and 5.11%] respectively. In terms of LC[90] value black pepper was best with [8.66% and 30.1%] against Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi after 24 h of exposure while after 48h [4.59% and 17.3%] respectively. In terms of LT[50] black pepper took 15 h to kill 50% tested population of Ae. aegypti while against An. stephensi it took more than 2 days. In terms of percentage mortality black pepper kill 84% of the population of Ae. aegypti and 44.75% of the An. stephensi population. Black pepper showed best results in term of LC[50], LC[90], LT[50] and percentage mortality against Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. Our study suggested that the plant extracts have potential to kill adult mosquitoes, are environment friendly and can be used for the control of mosquitoes

Determination of residues of sulphonamide in eggs and laying hens

Eggs were collected from different areas of Faisalabad city. The quantity of sulphonamides was determined in yolk, white and whole egg and compared with the permissible limit 1 micro g/ml for sulphadimethoxine available in literature. In another experiment, a group of hens were kept at a poultry farm after medicating them with darvisal liquid to see if the residues of sulphonamide pass into the eggs of poultry. The period of existence of residues was noted

Study of the interactions between ketoconazole and isoniazid in human volunteers

An interaction study between ketoconazole [antifungal agent] and isoniazid [antitubercular agent] was made in ten healthy human volunteers [male] of the age 20 - 30 years and weight 54 - 72 kgs. The blood sampling was done at different time intervals after dosing isoniazid alone and in combination with ketoconazole. The samples were centrifuged and the serum separated was stored [-20°C] for analysis. HPLC was used to determine the serum concentrations of isoniazid. The effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetic parameters [AUC, Cmax t1/2 Ke, Ka and tmax] of isoniazid was investigated. A 50% reduction in the value of area under serum concentration - time curve [AUC] of isoniazid was observed when it was concurrently administered with ketoconazole. The value of Cmax and Ke were also reduced significantly [p<0.05], while elimination half life [t1/2] of isoniazid was increased significantly [p<0.05]. Differences in the values of K2 and tmax were found to be insignificant

Pharmacokinetic interactions of ketoconazole with rifampicin in human volunteers

The interaction of ketoconazole [antifungal agent] and rifampicin [antitubeculosis agent] was studied in the serum of ten healty human volunteers [male], having age between 20 to 30 years and weight from 54 to 72 kg. The blood samples were collected after administrating rifampicin alone and currently with ketoconazole at different time intervals. The serum was separated and stored [-20°C]. Reverse phase HPLC was used as analytical tool to determine the serum concentrations of rifampicin. The influence of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetic parameters [AUC, Cmax, t1/2, Ke, Ka and tmax] of rifampicin was assessed, when both the drugs were administered simultaneously. It was observed that AUC and Cmax got decreased highly significantly [p<0.001], while t ' reduced and Ke increased significantly [p<0.05]. Statistically significant increase in the values of Ka and tmax was also observed