RESUMEN
Aim: To analyse socio-demographic variables and statistics of mental disability certificate issued. Method: Data of all the patients evaluated between January 2009 and December 2010 were screened for inclusion criteria. Those fulfilled the selection criteria were included in the study. Evaluation was done for socio-demographic and other variables. Results and Conclusions: Males comprise of 73.5% of the sample. Approximately 91% of them were residents of Delhi. Approximately 95% of the sample was from urban origin. Approximately, 16% of the sample was having diagnosis other than mental retardation. There is a great need to spread awareness so that not only the urban but maximum number of rural people also may get benefitted.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Demografía , Humanos , India , Discapacidad Intelectual/epidemiología , Discapacidad Intelectual/psicología , Discapacidad Intelectual/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Población Rural , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Continuous depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer has resulted in an increase in ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-315 nm) radiation on the earth's surface which inhibits photochemical and photobiological processes. However, certain photosynthetic organisms have evolved mechanisms to counteract the toxicity of ultraviolet or high photosynthetically active radiation by synthesizing the UV-absorbing/screening compounds, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and scytonemin besides the repair of UV-induced damage of DNA and accumulation of carotenoids and detoxifying enzymes or radical quenchers and antioxidants. Chemical structure of various MAAs, their possible biochemical routes of synthesis and role as photoprotective compounds in various organisms are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Eucariontes/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomasa , Cianobacterias/metabolismo , Ciclohexanoles/química , ADN/química , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Luz , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Químicos , Estructura Molecular , Oxígeno/química , Fotosíntesis , Fitoplancton/metabolismo , Rayos UltravioletaRESUMEN
Pathological laughing and crying (PLC) is a disorder of emotional expression, accompanying various neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. It causes significant distress and impairment in social and occupational functioning. It remains largely unrecognized in clinical settings and requires differentiation from other affective disorders. Validated instruments are available to aid in improving recognition of this disorder. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Antidepressants, dopaminergic and other newer agents have been reported to show varying levels of treatment success. This review describes the clinical features. pathophysiology and various treatment approaches available for PLC.