RESUMEN
Drug utilization studies are an integral part of medical audit and are undertaken to monitor and evaluate prescribing practices. Drug utilization studies are rarely conducted in rural settings where regulations are weak, and expertise and manpower are low.METHODSThis prospective observational study was conducted at Govt. Medical College, Baramulla, by reviewing the inpatient records of patients admitted in the medical wards and staying in the hospital for at least one night. Data is presented as percentages.RESULTSA total of 300 patients were enrolled and 260 were included for the study, out of which 43.07% were male and 56.92 % were females. 50 % of patients were in age group of 18 to 45 years while as 25% of the patients belonged to age group 46 to 65 years and > 65 years. The diagnosis of GI disorders comprised of 45%; respiratory, renal, endocrine and hepato-biliary disease was 24.25%, 6.92%, 23 % and 5% respectively. 5.30% of patients were having fever only, 3.46 % were of miscellaneous group while 2.30 % were having organophosphorous poisoning. The drugs most often prescribed were antimicrobials 88.46 %, analgesics 55 %, and GI drugs 70 %. Among the antimicrobials, 63.47 % were cephalosporins, 26.95 % quinolones, 5.21 % antiprotozoal, 17.39 % cephalosporins and antiprotozoals. 39.16 % analgesics were NSAIDs; opioids comprised 18.88 % and antispasmodics 40.55 %. The GIT drugs comprised 7.69 % antiemetic, 78.02 % PPIs 9.89 % antispasmodic combination of anti-emetics, and 4.39 % PPIs. Other drugs were 66.15 % of which 95.34 % were IV fluids. 85.77 % were discharged while as 3.46 % were referred and 3.07 % had LAMA. ADRs were seen in 6.15 % of patients. Antibiotics were started empirically without culture sensitivity tests being done.CONCLUSIONSThe present study highlights the problem of over-prescription of antimicrobials. The need of the hour is to formulate guidelines for hospital antibiotic usage.
RESUMEN
Background: The ethanolic extract of Callicarpa lanata (EECL), belonging to the family Verbenaceae, were studied for hepatoprotective activity in Wister rats with liver damage induced by ethanol.Methods: Ethanol treated rats showed significant increase in the levels of serum enzyme activities, total bilirubin and reduction in total proteins reflecting the liver injury caused by ethanol. EECL, at a dose of 400 and 200mg/kg body weight exhibited hepatoprotective effect by lowering the Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Alkaline Phosphate (SALP), Gama Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP), total Bilirubin to a significant extent and also significantly increased the levels of total protein in a dose dependent manner.Results: The results were highly significant at dose level of 400mg/kg body weight (p <0.01) and significant at dose level of 200mg/kg body weight (p <0.05). The effects of EECL at both levels were comparable with standard drug silymarin. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by histopathological studies of liver tissue.Conclusions: In-vivo hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Callicarpa lanata (EECL) against Ethanol induced acute liver injury in rats showed significant results in a dose dependent manner.