RESUMEN
The incidence of type 2 diabetes in China is increasing annually, and its chronic complications are very common. Macrovascular complications are the main cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of diabetic macrovascular complications is different from that of traditional cardiovascular diseases. It has been found that macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes are not only related to traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors (age, gender, hypertension, smoking, body mass index, diabetes duration, serum lipid, and glycosylated hemoglobin), but also diabetic microvascular complications, some specific molecular proteins and individual genetic background. This article reviews the clinical factors, molecular proteins and genetic background that affect the incidence of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
RESUMEN
Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is a normal flora of human gastrointestinal tract. The A. muciniphila abundance of intestinal flora in obese patients is significantly decreased. Many evidences suggest that A. muciniphila is negatively related to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and low-grade inflammation. A. muciniphila not only plays a metabolic protective role by protecting the integrity of intestinal epithelial cells and mucus layer, but also plays an anti-inflammatory role by regulatory T cells, endogenous cannabinoid system and non-classical Toll-like receptor in the process of inflammatory reaction. This article reviews the relationship between A. muciniphila and obesity, and the molecular mechanism and application of A. muciniphila in obesity.