RESUMEN
Reducir, reutilizar y reciclar, "regla de las tres R", son estrategias que promueven una actitud responsable hacia el medioambiente y contribuyen al desarrollo sostenible. El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar las publicaciones científicas generadas en Chile en el área de las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos (PDA), con enfoque en su cuantificación y basadas en "la regla de las tres R". Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura en tres bases de datos: Web of Science, Pubmed y Scopus. Los artículos originales seleccionados se clasificaron según tipo de acción, etapa de la cadena de suministro de alimentos, grupo de alimentos, cuantificación de PDA y tipo de estrategia (reducción, reutilización o reciclaje). Se encontraron 5 artículos de revisión y 31 artículos originales. La revalorización de subproductos agroindustriales fue la principal acción involucrada en los estudios de PDA (n= 22). El tipo de subproducto también fue analizado, y se encontró que los compuestos fenólicos provenientes de frutales son los más estudiados. Solo el 32% (12/31) de los artículos reportaron información sobre cuantificación de PDA. La revalorización de subproductos sumada a la recuperación de alimentos para producción de energía (n= 4) y de compostaje (n= 2) hacen que el reciclaje sea la estrategia más investigada. Estos antecedentes evidencian la necesidad de complementar la investigación nacional a nivel de acciones que apunten más hacia la reducción y reutilización de PDA y su cuantificación. Este conocimiento permitirá establecer líneas base y planes de monitoreo que contribuyan al cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en Chile.
Reduce, reuse, and recycle "the 3Rs rule" are strategies that promote a responsible attitude towards the environment and contribute to sustainable development. The objective of this review was to analyze the scientific publications generated in Chile in the area of food loss and waste (FLW), with a focus on its quantification and based on "the 3Rs rule". A literature search was carried out in three databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, and Scopus. The selected original articles were classified according to the type of action, stage of the food supply chain, food group, FLW quantification, and type of strategy (reduction, reuse, or recycling). Five review articles and 31 original articles were found. The revalorization of agro-industrial by-products was the main initiative involved in the FLW studies (n= 22). The type of by-product was also analyzed, and it was found that the phenolic compounds from fruits are the most studied. Only 32% (12/31) of the articles reported information on FLW quantification. The revalorization of by-products added to food recovery for energy production (n= 4) and composting (n= 2) make recycling the most researched strategy. These antecedents show the need to complement the national research at the level of actions that point more towards reducing and reusing of FLW and its quantification. This knowledge will allow the establishment of baselines and monitoring plans that contribute to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Chile.
RESUMEN
Abstract Poultry meat is a food product that usually carries high rates of microbial contamination, including foodborne pathogens. The poultry industry has established different systems to minimize these hazards. In recent years, extensive literature has demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of different contact surfaces made of copper to effectively reduce microbial loads. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of copper surfaces on the transmission of two foodborne pathogens Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes and a poultry native microbiota bacterial species Enterobacter cloacae. We also evaluated the impact of the poultry meat matrix on the antimicrobial activity of a copper surface. Our results indicated that copper surfaces reduced the bacterial load quickly ( than 4 min) when the microorganisms were exposed to polished copper surfaces. Even when bacteria were inoculated on copper surfaces soiled with the organic matrix (washing water from poultry carcasses) and survival rates were significantly higher, an antimicrobial effect was still observed. Survival rates of two microorganisms simultaneously exposed to copper did not show significant differences. We found an antimicrobial effect over pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. Results suggest a potential role for copper surfaces in the control of microbiological hazards in the poultry industry.
RESUMEN
Abstract Poultry meat is a food product that usually carries high rates of microbial contamination, including foodborne pathogens. The poultry industry has established different systems to minimize these hazards. In recent years, extensive literature has demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of different contact surfaces made of copper to effectively reduce microbial loads. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of copper surfaces on the transmission of two foodborne pathogens - Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes - and a poultry native microbiota bacterial species - Enterobacter cloacae. We also evaluated the impact of the poultry meat matrix on the antimicrobial activity of a copper surface. Our results indicated that copper surfaces reduced the bacterial load quickly (<than 4 min) when the microorganisms were exposed to polished copper surfaces. Even when bacteria were inoculated on copper surfaces soiled with the organic matrix (washing water from poultry carcasses) and survival rates were significantly higher, an antimicrobial effect was still observed. Survival rates of two microorganisms simultaneously exposed to copper did not show significant differences. We found an antimicrobial effect over pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. Results suggest a potential role for copper surfaces in the control of microbiological hazards in the poultry industry.