Association between life-course leisure-time physical activity and prostate cancer / Actividad física a lo largo de la vida y su asociación con cáncer de próstata

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the association between life-course leisure-time physical activity (PA) and prostate cancer (PC) among males living in Mexico City. Materials and methods: Information from 394 incident PC cases and 794 population controls matched by age (± 5 years), was analyzed. Using leisure-time PA information at different life stages, life-course PA patterns were constructed. The association between PA and PC was estimated using an unconditional logistic regression model. Results: Three life-course PA patterns were identified: low PA (71.0%), moderate PA (22.0%), and high PA (7.0%); this last pattern was characterized by higher levels and consistent PA practice. Compared with inactive males, those in the high PA pattern (OR: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.26-0.93) had significantly lower PC odds. Conclusion: Intense and regular PA could reduce the possibility of PC. These results are in accordance with PA World Health Organization recommendations.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la actividad física (AF) en la vida y el cáncer de próstata (CP) en hombres. Material y métodos: Se analizó la AF de 394 casos incidentes de CP y 794 controles poblacionales pareados por edad (± 5 años). Se utilizó la información de AF en diferentes etapas para generar los patrones de AF a lo largo de la vida. La asociación entre AF y CP se estimó mediante regresión logística no condicionada. Resultados: Se identificaron tres patrones de AF: baja (71.0%), moderada (22.0%) y alta (7.0%); este último patrón se caracterizó por una AF consistentemente mayor a lo largo de la vida. Comparado con los hombres inactivos, aquéllos en el patrón de alta AF (RM= 0.50; IC95% = 0.26-0.93) presentaron menos posibilidades de tener CP. Conclusión: El papel protector de la AF parece estar en función de la intensidad y regularidad de su práctica y apoyan las recomendaciones de la OMS.

Short- and mid- term impact of tobacco smoking on donor renal function following living kidney donation at a tertiary referral hospital

Background: The negative impact of tobacco smoking on renal function has been widely studied. However, there is limited knowledge about the effect of smoking on pre-operative and post-operative renal function in living kidney donors. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the short- and mid-term impact of smoking on donor renal function. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 308 patients who underwent living donor nephrectomy (LDN) at a tertiary referral hospital. We compared baseline characteristics as well as functional outcomes following LDN according to history of tobacco smoking. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the modification of diet in renal disease equation in 6 time periods: pre-operative, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery. We performed a Kaplan-Meier analysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcome and binary logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors associated with CKD at 24 months of follow-up. Results: Among donors, 106 (34.4%) reported a smoking history before nephrectomy. Smoking donors had worse pre-operative eGFR than non-smokers (90 ± 26.3 mL/min/1.73m2 vs. 96 ± 27 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively; p = 0.02) and lower eGFR at 1 week (p = 0.01), 1 month (p ≤ 0.01), 6 months (p = 0.01), and 12 months (p = 0.01) after LDN. Tobacco smoking (OR 3.35, p ≤ 0.01) and age ≥ 40 years at donation (OR 6.59, p ≤ 0.01) were associated with post-operative development of CKD at 24 months after LDN. Conclusions: Living kidney donors with a tobacco smoking history had an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease following nephrectomy. Smoking-cessation strategies should be implemented.

Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes in Very Elderly Patients (≥75 years) with Renal Cell Carcinoma: Data from the Latin American Renal Cancer Group

Background: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing globally due to an aging population and widespread use of imaging studies. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and perioperative outcomes of RCC surgery in very elderly patients (VEP), ≥75 years of age. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study of 3656 patients who underwent the treatment for RCC from 1990 to 2015 in 28 centers from eight Latin American countries. We compared baseline characteristics as well as clinical and perioperative outcomes according to age groups (<75 vs.≥ 75 years). Surgical complications were classified with the Clavien-Dindo score. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with perioperative complications. Results: There were 410 VEP patients (11.2%). On bivariate analysis, VEP had a lower body mass index (p < 0.01) and higher ASA score (ASA >2 in 26.3% vs. 12.4%, p < 0.01). There was no difference in performance status and clinical stage between the study groups. There were no differences in surgical margins, estimated blood loss (EBL), complication, and mortality rates (1.3% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.17). On multivariate regression analysis, age ≥75 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.33, p < 0.01), EBL ≥ 500 cc (OR 3.34, p < 0.01), and > pT2 stage (OR 1.63, p = 0.04) were independently associated with perioperative complications. Conclusions: Surgical resection of RCC was safe and successful in VEP. Age ≥75 years was independently associated with 30-day perioperative complications. However, the vast majority were low-grade complications. Age alone should not guide decision-making in these patients, and treatment must be tailored according to performance status and severity of comorbidities. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2020;72(5):308-15)

Summary and considerations in genitourinary cancer patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Purpose: To provide a summary and recommendations for the set-up of strategies for cancer patients care in genitourinary oncology clinics during the pandemic and in the recovery period. Material and Methods: A non-systematic review of available literature on the management of urological malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed to summarize recommendations to improve the diagnosis and treatment of urological cancers during and after the contingence, including clinical and research aspects. Results: Urological cancer diagnosis and management should be tailored according to the severity of the COVID-19 crisis in each region and the aggressiveness of each tumor. Clinicians should adhere to strict protocols in order to prioritize the attention of patients with high-risk malignancies while optimizing resources to avoid the saturation of critical care services. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic urological cancer care has been severely impaired. For proper patient management, multidisciplinary approach is encouraged tailoring therapy according to COVID-19 regional behavior and local institutional resources. Patients with high-risk malignancies should be prioritized.

Prostate cancer screening in low- and middle- income countries: the Mexican case / Tamizaje para cáncer de próstata en países de bajos y medianos ingresos: el caso mexicano

Abstract: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based early detection for prostate cancer is the subject of intense debate. Implementation of organized prostate cancer screening has been challenging, in part because the PSA test is so amenable to opportunistic screening. To the extent that access to cancer screening tests increases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is an urgent need to thoughtfully evaluate existing and future cancer screening strategies to ensure benefit and control costs. We used Mexico's prostate cancer screening efforts to illustrate the challenges LMICs face. We provide five considerations for policymakers for a smarter approach and implementation of PSA-based screening.

Resumen : El uso del Antígeno Prostático Específico (APE) para tamizaje para cáncer de próstata sigue siendo tema de amplio debate. La implementación de estrategias de tamiz organizado de cáncer de próstata ha sido un reto en parte porque la prueba de APE se presta para detección oportunista. A medida que aumenta el acceso a las pruebas de detección de cáncer en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos (PIBM), existe la necesidad urgente de evaluar cuidadosamente las estrategias actuales y futuras de detección oportuna de cáncer para garantizar su beneficio y controlar sus costos. Utilizamos los esfuerzos de tamizaje de cáncer de próstata de México para ilustrar los retos para PIBM. Ofrecemos cinco consideracio nes dirigidas a tomadores de decisión que permitan contar con estrategias racionales de implementación de tamizaje para cáncer de próstata basado en el uso de APE.

Incidence and treatment of malignant tumors of the genitourinary tract in renal transplant recipients

ABSTRACT Purpose: To provide data of the incidence and management of common urological malignancies in renal transplant recipients. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective database from August 1967 to August 2015. A descriptive analysis of the sample was performed. Results: Among 1256 consecutive RTR a total of 88 patients developed malignancies (7%). There were 18 genitourinary tumors in the 16 patients (20.45 % of all malignant neoplasms), incidence of 1.27%. The most common neoplasm encounter was renal cancer (38.8%), followed by urothelial carcinoma (33.3%). Median follow-up of transplantation was 197 months (R, 36-336). Mean time from RT to cancer diagnosis 89±70 months (R, 12-276). CsA and AZA was the most common immunosuppression regimen in 68.75%. Mean follow-up after diagnosis was 103±72 months (R 10-215). Recurrence free survival rate of 100%. Overall survival of 89.5% of the sample; there were two non-related cancer deaths during follow-up. Conclusions: The incidence of neoplasms in RTR was lower than in other series, with favorable functional and oncologic results after treatment. This suggests that actions to reduce the risk of these malignancies as well as a strict follow-up are mandatory for an early detection and treatment.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones en vías urinarias: un enfoque multidisciplinario para casos no complicados / Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections: a multidisciplinary approach for uncomplicated cases

Las infecciones en vías urinarias afectan tanto a niños como a adultos. En niños son un problema de salud frecuente. En mujeres embarazadas merecen especial atención por los riesgos perinatales. La ausencia de nuevas moléculas antimicrobianas y el incremento en la resistencia bacteriana, favorecida por el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos, obliga a normar conductas para el abordaje y tratamiento inicial de las infecciones en vías urinarias. Este artículo fue desarrollado mediante un panel de médicos especialistas de instituciones de segundo y tercer nivel de atención, tanto públicas como privadas. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura. Ante la sospecha, el diagnóstico de infección en vías urinarias no complicada en niños debe confirmarse a través de medios bacteriológicos. El diagnóstico de infección en vías urinarias no complicada en adultos se realiza con base en el cuadro clínico. El tratamiento empírico inicial debe incluir la cobertura con antibióticos de amplio espectro y la adaptación del mismo de acuerdo con el resultado de los cultivos y de la sensibilidad reportada.

Urinary tract infection affects both children and adults. It is a common health problem in children. In pregnant women, treatment for urinary tract infection deserves special attention due to the perinatal risks. The absence of new antimicrobial molecules and the increase in bacterial resistance, the latter favored by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, prompt us to standardize norms in the approach and initial treatment of urinary tract infection. The article was written by an independent panel from second- and third-level care public and private institutions. We conducted a review of the literature and the statements made within the framework of an interdisciplinary meeting. When urinary tract infection is suspected in children, diagnosis must be confirmed using bacteriological methods. Diagnosis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults can be made based on the clinical examination. Empirical initial treatment must include wide-spectrum antibiotic options and should be modified according to culture results as well as reported sensitivity.

Estenosis ureteropiélica, tratamiento quirúrgico / Surgical treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Introducción: En la actualidad existen múltiples opciones de tratamiento para la estenosis ureteropiélica (EUP). La pieloplastia abierta es el estándar de oro, con una tasa de éxito mayor a 90%. El objetivo de este estudio es describir nuestra experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de la EUP. Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de los casos de EUP manejados quirúrgicamente en el periodo comprendido entre 1970 y 2002. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 126 EUP en 114 pacientes. Los principales síntomas fueron: dolor en 105 pacientes (92.1%), infección de vías urinarias en 37 (32.4%) y hematuria en 24 (21%). Las patologías asociadas con mayor frecuencia fueron: urolitiasis en 34 casos, cruce vascular en 10, y riñón en herradura en 5. Se realizaron 123 procedimientos: 92 (74.8%) pieloplastias desmembradas, 13 (10.7%) pieloplastias tipo Foley Y-V, en 8 (6.5%) sólo liberación de vasos anómalos o bridas, 5 (4%) endopielotomías, 2 pieloplastias tipo Scardino-Prince (1.6%), 2 pacientes transplantados (1.6%), con anastomosis de la pelvis del injerto al uréter nativo y una anastomosis ureteroileal (0.8%) en un paciente con fibrosis retroperitoneal. El tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 33.2 meses. En 114 pacientes (92.7%) el procedimiento fue exitoso. Se documentó 17.9% de complicaciones globales, 2.4% correspondió a reestenosis asociadas a cruce vascular. Conclusión: La pieloplastia desmembrada es el procedimiento más utilizado en pacientes con EUP con adecuados resultados, preservación de la función renal, mejoría de los síntomas y baja morbilidad.

INTRODUCTION: Currently there are many therapeutic options for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Open pyeloplasty is the gold standard with a success rate of approximately 90%. We describe our experience in the treatment of UPJO. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study among our patients with UPJO surgically treated at the Department of Urology of our institution from 1970 to 2002. RESULTS: 126 UPJO were diagnosed in 114 patients. The most common symptoms at diagnosis were: pain in 105 patients (92.1), urinary tract infection (UTI) in 37 (32.4%) and hematuria in 24 (21%). The most common associated diseases were urolithiasis in 34 cases, crossing vessels in 10 and horseshoe kidney in 5. 123 procedures were undertaken: 92 (74.8%) dismembered pyeloplasties, 13 (10.7%) Foley Y-V pyeloplasties, in 8 (6.5%) release of crossing vessel, 5 (4%) endopyelotomies, 2 (1.6%) pyeloplasties Scardino-Prince, 2 patients with renal allograft in whom an anastomosis of renal pelvis to native ureter was performed and 1 (0.8%) ureter-ileal anastomosis in a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis. The mean follow-up time was of 33.2 months. In 114 (92.7%) patients the procedure was successful. The overall complication rate was of 17.9% of which 2.4% were stricture recurrence associated with crossing vessels. CONCLUSION: Open dismembered pyeloplasty is the most common treatment procedure for UPJO at our institution. We report successful results, low morbidity, preservation of renal function and improving symptoms.

Carcinoma de células renales bilateral asincrónico tratado con nefrectomía radical bilateral y transplante renal: informe de un caso / Bilateral radical nephrectomy and kidney transplantation as treatment for asynchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma: a case report

El cáncer renal bilateral puede requerir nefrectomía bilateral y diálisis crónica. Sin embargo, una opción adecuada es el transplante renal. Aún existe controversia acerca del tiempo necesario para llevar a cabo el transplante y del papel de la terapia inmunosupresora en el riesgo de recurrencia. Presentamos un caso de cáncer renal bilateral asincrónico tratado con nefrectomía radical bilateral y transplante renal, después de 6 años sin actividad tumoral.

Bilateral renal cancer may require bilateral nephrectomy and chronic dialysis. However, an available option is kidney transplantation. Controversy exists about an adequate period of time to perform kidney transplantation and the role of immunotherapy on the risk of malignant recurrence. We report a case of bilateral asynchronous renal cell carcinoma treated with bilateral radical nephrectomy and kidney transplantation six years after without evidence of malignant disease.

Determinación de la presión arterial: una alternativa en situaciones de apremio / Measurement of arterial pressure: an alternative useful during emergencies

La medición de la presión arterial por método directo es una actividad cotidiana en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Se hace énfasis en un método antiguo y a la vez sencillo, que permite la medición confiable y precisa de la presión arterial media sistémica, en situaciones de apremio, en lugares donde no se cuente con los recursos tecnológicos, durante el traslado de pacientes, cuando el equipo especial falla o existe duda acerca del valor indicado por los dispositivos electrónicos para vigilancia constante de signos vitales. En tales condiciones puede utilizarse una línea de agua, similar en su mecánica y uso a una línea para medir presión venosa central convencional, pero de mayor longitud. El principio fisico es infalible, la línea se prepara fácil y rápidamente, el método está libre de riesgo y a través de varios años lo hemos empleado como una buena alternativa de los métodos usuales de medición directa