Prevalencia y tratamiento del asma en adultos: análisis descriptivo de la encuesta nacional de salud de Chile 2016-2017 / Prevalence and treatment of asthma in adults: descriptive analysis of the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de diagnóstico autorreportado de asma, comorbilidades, patrones de tratamiento y calidad de vida (CdV) autopercibida en la población chilena, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de 2016-2017. Métodos: Se analizó la población de la ENS 2016-2017 con ≥ 15 años. Los individuos con asma fueron identificados por autorreporte. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, CdV y salud (autopercepción y/o EQ-5D-3L), estado nutricional, comorbilidades y patrón de tratamiento. Resultados: La prevalencia de asma fue de 5,4% (IC 95%: 4,5-6,5). Se reportó una frecuencia casi 2 veces mayor de CdV autopercibida (6,3% [IC 95%: 3,4-11,3] frente a 3,6% [IC 95%: 2,8-4,5]) y de salud (16,4% [IC 95%: 11,4-23,1] frente a 7,7% [IC 95%: 6,6-8,9]) muy mala/mala/menos que regular en el grupo con asma en comparación con el total de individuos de la ENS. El grupo de asma tuvo mayor frecuencia de al menos algunos problemas en todos los dominios EQ-5D-3L. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue la sintomatología depresiva. El 63% de los encuestados que reconocían tener asma no recibían ningún tratamiento en el momento de la encuesta. Con mayor frecuencia el tratamiento para el asma fue prescrito por un médico general (62,4%/55,4%, medicación de rescate/controlador) y el acceso fue a través del sistema público (65,9%/82,5%, medicación de rescate/controlador). Alrededor de un tercio de la población utilizaba monoterapia con SABA (32,8%). Conclusión: La prevalencia de asma fue del 5,4% y los asmáticos relataron peor CdV y salud. Se observó una baja tasa de tratamiento y de los tratados la mayoría usaba solo medicación de rescate.

Objective: To describe diagnosed asthma prevalence, self-reported comorbidities, treatment patterns and self-perceived quality of life (QoL) in Chilean population, using National Health Survey (NHS) data from 2016-2017. Methods: 2016-2017 NHS population aged ≥ 15 years was analyzed. Asthma individuals were identified by self-report. Sociodemographic variables, QoL and health (self-perception and/or EQ-5D-3L), nutritional status, comorbidities and treatment pattern were evaluated. Results: Asthma prevalence was 5.4% (95% CI: 4.5-6.5). Compared with NHS total individuals, asthma group showed almost 2 times higher frequency of self-perceived QoL (6.3% [95% CI: 3.4-11.3] vs 3.6% [95% CI: 2.8-4.5]) and health (16.4% [95% CI: 11.4-23.1] vs 7.7% [95% CI: 6.6-8.9]) named as very bad/bad/less than regular. In addition, asthma group had a greater frequency of at least some problems in all EQ-5D-3L domains. Depressive symptoms were the most frequently observed comorbidity. 63% of respondents who acknowledged having asthma were not receiving any treatment at the time of the survey. Asthma treatment was most frequently prescribed by a general physician (62.4%/55.4%, rescue/controller medication) and the access occurs in the public system (65.9%/82.5%, rescue/controller medication). About one third of the population used SABA monotherapy (32.8%). Conclusion: Asthma prevalence was 5.4% and asthmatics reported worse QoL and health. A very low treatment rate was observed and those treated, most were under rescue medication.

Improvement of indirect immunofluorescence technique to detect antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and its impact on test positivity rate

The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) technique for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) detection is subject to substantial differences across laboratories. This study aimed to assess the impact of improvements in the IIF-ANCA technique on the positivity rate of ANCA tests. A cross-sectional study was performed with serum samples from patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and ulcerative colitis (UC). A paired analysis was performed for IIF-ANCA results using the traditional method and a modified protocol after a series of specific adjustments in the technique based on the protocol of IIF-ANCA test performed at a nation-wide private laboratory in Brazil. ANCA specificity was assessed by ELISA for anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) and anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibodies. Sixty-one patients were evaluated. The positivity rate of IIF-ANCA tests at disease presentation performed at the University reference laboratory was 32.3% in AAV, AIH, and UC patients, whereas the positivity rates of IIF-ANCA and ELISA tests in other laboratories were 75.0 and 72.7%, respectively. After modifications in the IIF-ANCA technique, there was a significant increase in the positivity rate (14.8 vs 34.3%; P=0.0002) and in median titers [1/40 (1/30-1/160) vs 1/80 (1/40-1/80); P=0.0003] in AAV, AIH, and UC patients. UC had the highest increment in positive results from 5.3 to 36.8%. There was poor agreement between MPO- or PR3-ANCA and both IIF-ANCA techniques. In conclusion, modifications in the IIF-ANCA protocol led to a significant improvement in its positivity rate and titers.

Detection of enteroparasites in foliar vegetables commercialized in street- and supermarkets in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil / Detecção de enteroparasitas em hortaliças comercializadas em feiras e supermercados em Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

Foliar vegetables contaminated with fecal residues are an important route of transmission of intestinal parasites to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of protozoa and helminths on lettuces (Lactuca sativa) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea) sold in street- and supermarkets in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of each vegetable (15 samples from each supermarkets and street markets) was analyzed. All samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation method and centrifugal flotation. In 45% of the samples, immature forms of intestinal parasites were identified with 66.7% helminths eggs and 33.3% protozoan cysts or oocysts. Significantly more lettuce samples were contaminated with eggs, cysts or oocyst of at least one parasite than collard green samples (U=216; Z=-3.45; P <0.001). The parasitic forms were identified morphologically up to the family level with eggs of Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae and Taeniidae, or oocysts of Eimeriidae, to the genus with Cystoisospora sp. and Toxocara sp., and to the species level with Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana. The presence of these infective agents in lettuce and collard green from both street- and supermarkets highlights the high risk of spreading parasites by eating raw vegetables sold in Aparecida de Goiânia.

Hortaliças contaminadas com resíduos fecais são importantes vias de transmissão de parasitas intestinais ao homem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de formas parasitárias de protozoários e helmintos em alface (Lactuca sativa) e couve (Brassica oleracea) vendidas em feiras e supermercados na cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Um total de 30 amostras de cada vegetal (15 amostras de supermercados e 15 de feiras livres) foi analisado. Todas as amostras foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea e centrífugo-flutuação. Em 45% das amostras foram identificadas formas imaturas de parasitas intestinais sendo 66,7% ovos de helmintos e 33,3% de cistos ou oocistos de protozoários. Significativamente, mais amostras de alface estavam contaminadas com ovos, cistos ou oocistos de pelo menos um parasita do que as amostras de couve (U = 216; Z = -3,45; P <0,001). As formas parasitárias foram identificadas morfologicamente ao nível de família com ovos de Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae e Taeniidae ou oocistos de Eimeriidae, dos gêneros Cystoisospora sp. e Toxocara sp., e ao nível de espécies com Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum e Hymenolepis nana. A presença desses agentes infecciosos em alface e couve, provenientes tanto de feiras quanto de supermercados, ressalta o alto risco de veiculação de parasitas pela ingestão de hortaliças cruas comercializadas em Aparecida de Goiânia.

Detection of enteroparasites in foliar vegetables commercialized in street- and supermarkets in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil / Detecção de enteroparasitas em hortaliças comercializadas em feiras e supermercados em Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

Foliar vegetables contaminated with fecal residues are an important route of transmission of intestinal parasites to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of protozoa and helminths on lettuces (Lactuca sativa) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea) sold in street- and supermarkets in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of each vegetable (15 samples from each supermarkets and street markets) was analyzed. All samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation method and centrifugal flotation. In 45% of the samples, immature forms of intestinal parasites were identified with 66.7% helminths eggs and 33.3% protozoan cysts or oocysts. Significantly more lettuce samples were contaminated with eggs, cysts or oocyst of at least one parasite than collard green samples (U=216; Z=-3.45; P <0.001). The parasitic forms were identified morphologically up to the family level with eggs of Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae and Taeniidae, or oocysts of Eimeriidae, to the genus with Cystoisospora sp. and Toxocara sp., and to the species level with Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana. The presence of these infective agents in lettuce and collard green from both street- and supermarkets highlights the high risk of spreading parasites by eating raw vegetables sold in Aparecida de Goiânia.

Hortaliças contaminadas com resíduos fecais são importantes vias de transmissão de parasitas intestinais ao homem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de formas parasitárias de protozoários e helmintos em alface (Lactuca sativa) e couve (Brassica oleracea) vendidas em feiras e supermercados na cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Um total de 30 amostras de cada vegetal (15 amostras de supermercados e 15 de feiras livres) foi analisado. Todas as amostras foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea e centrífugo-flutuação. Em 45% das amostras foram identificadas formas imaturas de parasitas intestinais sendo 66,7% ovos de helmintos e 33,3% de cistos ou oocistos de protozoários. Significativamente, mais amostras de alface estavam contaminadas com ovos, cistos ou oocistos de pelo menos um parasita do que as amostras de couve (U = 216; Z = -3,45; P <0,001). As formas parasitárias foram identificadas morfologicamente ao nível de família com ovos de Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae e Taeniidae ou oocistos de Eimeriidae, dos gêneros Cystoisospora sp. e Toxocara sp., e ao nível de espécies com Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum e Hymenolepis nana. A presença desses agentes infecciosos em alface e couve, provenientes tanto de feiras quanto de supermercados, ressalta o alto risco de veiculação de parasitas pela ingestão de hortaliças cruas comercializadas em Aparecida de Goiânia.

Detection of enteroparasites in foliar vegetables commercialized in street- and supermarkets in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

Abstract Foliar vegetables contaminated with fecal residues are an important route of transmission of intestinal parasites to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of protozoa and helminths on lettuces (Lactuca sativa) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea) sold in street- and supermarkets in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of each vegetable (15 samples from each supermarkets and street markets) was analyzed. All samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation method and centrifugal flotation. In 45% of the samples, immature forms of intestinal parasites were identified with 66.7% helminths eggs and 33.3% protozoan cysts or oocysts. Significantly more lettuce samples were contaminated with eggs, cysts or oocyst of at least one parasite than collard green samples (U=216; Z=-3.45; P 0.001). The parasitic forms were identified morphologically up to the family level with eggs of Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae and Taeniidae, or oocysts of Eimeriidae, to the genus with Cystoisospora sp. and Toxocara sp., and to the species level with Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana. The presence of these infective agents in lettuce and collard green from both street- and supermarkets highlights the high risk of spreading parasites by eating raw vegetables sold in Aparecida de Goiânia.

Resumo Hortaliças contaminadas com resíduos fecais são importantes vias de transmissão de parasitas intestinais ao homem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de formas parasitárias de protozoários e helmintos em alface (Lactuca sativa) e couve (Brassica oleracea) vendidas em feiras e supermercados na cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Um total de 30 amostras de cada vegetal (15 amostras de supermercados e 15 de feiras livres) foi analisado. Todas as amostras foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea e centrífugo-flutuação. Em 45% das amostras foram identificadas formas imaturas de parasitas intestinais sendo 66,7% ovos de helmintos e 33,3% de cistos ou oocistos de protozoários. Significativamente, mais amostras de alface estavam contaminadas com ovos, cistos ou oocistos de pelo menos um parasita do que as amostras de couve (U = 216; Z = -3,45; P 0,001). As formas parasitárias foram identificadas morfologicamente ao nível de família com ovos de Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae e Taeniidae ou oocistos de Eimeriidae, dos gêneros Cystoisospora sp. e Toxocara sp., e ao nível de espécies com Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum e Hymenolepis nana. A presença desses agentes infecciosos em alface e couve, provenientes tanto de feiras quanto de supermercados, ressalta o alto risco de veiculação de parasitas pela ingestão de hortaliças cruas comercializadas em Aparecida de Goiânia.

Primary immunodeficiency investigation in patients during and after hospitalization in a pediatric Intensive Care Unit / Investigacion de inmunodeficiencias primarias en pacientes durante y despues de la hospitalizacion en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva pediatrica / Investigacao de imunodeficiencias primarias em pacientes durante e apos hospitalizacao em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva pediatrica

Objective: To analyze whether the patients with severe infections, admitted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, underwent the active screening for primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Methods: Retrospective study that assessed the data records of patients with any severe infections admitted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, covering a period from January 2011 to January 2012, in order to confirm if they performed an initial investigation for PID with blood count and immunoglobulin dosage. Results: In the studied period, 53 children were hospitalized with severe infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, and only in seven (13.2%) the initial investigation of PID was performed. Among these patients, 3/7 (42.8%) showed quantitative alterations in immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, 1/7 (14.3%) had the diagnosis of cyclic neutropenia, and 1/7 (14.3%) presented thrombocytopenia and a final diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Therefore, the PID diagnosis was confirmed in 5/7 (71.4%) of the patients. Conclusions: The investigation of PID in patients with severe infections has not been routinely performed in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Our findings suggest the necessity of performing PID investigation in this group of patients. .

Objetivo: Verificar si los pacientes internados en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica del Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad Federal de Uberlândia (Brasil) con infecciones graves fueron sometidos a la busca activa de inmunodeficiencias primarias (IDP). Métodos: Estudio transversal retrospectivo realizado en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de cualquier infección grave admitidos de enero de 2011 a enero de 2012. Se verificó si los pacientes admitidos realizaron la investigación inicial para IDP con hemograma y dosis de inmunoglobulinas. Resultados: En el periodo estudiado, 53 niños fueron internados con infecciones graves, siendo que solamente siete (13,2%) realizaron investigación inicial para IDP. De esos pacientes, 3/7 (42,8%) tenían alteraciones cuantitativas de los niveles de inmunoglobulinas G (IgG), 1/7 (14,3%) presentó diagnóstico de neutropenia cíclica y 1/7 (14,3%), plaquetopenia y diagnóstico de síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich. Por lo tanto, el diagnóstico de IDP se confirmó en 5/7 (71,4%) de los pacientes. Conclusiones: La investigación de IDP en pacientes con infecciones graves no viene siendo realizada de manera rutinera en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Nuestros hallazgos confirman la necesidad de investigar las IDP en ese grupo de pacientes. .

Objetivo: Verificar se os pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia com infecções graves foram submetidos à busca ativa de imunodeficiências primárias (IDP). Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Incluíram-se pacientes com diagnóstico de qualquer infecção grave admitidos de janeiro de 2011 a janeiro de 2012. Verificou-se se os pacientes admitidos realizaram a investigação inicial para IDP com hemograma e dosagem de imunoglobulinas. Resultados: No período estudado, 53 crianças foram internadas com infecções graves, sendo que apenas sete (13,2%) realizaram investigação inicial para IDP. Desses pacientes, 3/7 (42,8%) tinham alterações quantitativas dos níveis de imunoglobulina G (IgG), 1/7 (14,3%) apresentou diagnóstico de neutropenia cíclica e 1/7 (14,3%), plaquetopenia e diagnóstico de síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich. Portanto, o diagnóstico de IDP foi confirmado em 5/7 (71,4%) dos pacientes. Conclusões: A investigação de IDP em pacientes com infecções graves não tem sido realizada rotineiramente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Nossos achados sugerem a necessidade de investigar as IDP nesse grupo de pacientes. .

Aromaterapia: da gênese a atualidade / Aromatherapy: from genesis to today

Considerando que a Aromaterapia vem ao longo do tempo se consolidando como prática de grande relevância no tratamento de infecções e outras doenças do homem, decidiu-se produzir um levantamento exploratório bibliográfico desde sua origem até os dias atuais, com o intuito de acentuar cada vez mais a curiosidade e o conhecimento sobre essa arte e ciência milenar, que se apoia no uso racional dos óleos essenciais.

Over time, Aromatherapy has consolidated itself as a traditional and important practice for the treatment of infections and diseases of men. The purpose of the study is to conduct an exploratory literature review that encompasses its origin and its present-day scenario. Our intention is to call attention to the curiosity and knowledge that exists about this ancient art and science, which is based on the rational use of essential oils.

Correlation between sodium and potassium excretion in 24- and 12-h urine samples

Low-sodium and high-potassium diets have been recommended as an adjunct to prevention and treatment of hypertension. Analysis of these nutrients in 24-h urine has been considered the reference method to estimate daily intake of these minerals. However, 24-h urine collection is difficult in epidemiological studies, since urine must be collected and stored in job environments. Therefore, strategies for shorter durations of urine collection at home have been proposed. We have previously reported that collecting urine during a 12-h period (overnight) is more feasible and that creatinine clearance correlated strongly with that detected in 24-h samples. In the present study, we collected urine for 24 h divided into two 12-h periods (from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm and from 7:00 pm to 7:00 am next day). A sample of 109 apparently healthy volunteers aged 30 to 74 years of both genders working in a University institution was investigated. Subjects with previous myocardial infarction, stroke, renal insufficiency, and pregnant women were not included. Significant (P < 0.001) Spearman correlation coefficients (r s) were found between the total amount of sodium and potassium excreted in the urine collected at night and in the 24-h period (r s = 0.76 and 0.74, respectively). Additionally, the 12-h sodium and potassium excretions (means ± SD, 95% confidence interval) corresponded to 47.3 ± 11.2%, 95%CI = 45.3-49.3, and 39.3 ± 4.6%, 95%CI = 37.3-41.3, respectively, of the 24-h excretion of these ions. Therefore, these findings support the assumption that 12-h urine collected at night can be used as a reliable tool to estimate 24-h intake/excretion of sodium and potassium.

Armazenamento de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em baixas temperaturas / Cold storage of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Avaliou-se o efeito do armazenamento em baixa temperatura de pupas de Trichogramma pretiosum, em ovos de Sitotroga cerealella, sobre a emergência e a viabilidade reprodutiva do parasitoide. Os testes foram conduzidos em câmara climática a 5, 8 e 10° C, 70% UR, escotofase constante, com 10 tratamentos (testemunha, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 e 20 dias de armazenamento) e 10 repetições. Foram distribuídos 1.000 ovos contendo pupas em tubos de ensaio (10 x 3 cm), 100 foram mantidos a 25º C, 70% UR e 14 horas de fotofase (testemunha) e os demais armazenados. Após cada período de armazenamento, 100 ovos foram transferidos para 25º C e avaliados quanto à emergência e funções reprodutivas. A emergência de T. pretiosum não foi influenciada pelo período de armazenamento nas três temperaturas (Tukey P ≤ 0,05) e as menores taxas de emergência foram de 85,6%, 84,5% e 77,6%, respectivamente para os parasitoides armazenados a 5, 8 e 10° C. Não houve perda da viabilidade reprodutiva dos parasitoides provenientes da estocagem nas temperaturas avaliadas, pois todas as fêmeas acasaladas produziram indivíduos de ambos os sexos. Estes resultados auxi-liarão no planejamento da criação massal, embalagem e transporte de T. pretiosum do laboratório para o local de liberação.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage at low temperature of Trichogramma pretiosum pupae in eggs of Sitotroga cerealella on the emergence and reproduction rates of the parasitoid. The trials were conducted in a climatic chamber at 5, 8 and 10º C, 70% R.H., constant scotophase, with 10 treatments: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 days of storage and a control not kept in storage, all in 10 replicates. A total of 1,000 eggs containing pupae were distributed in glass tubes (10 x 3 cm), 100 of which were kept at 25° C, 70% RH and 14 h photophase (control), while the remaining ones were stored. After each storage period 100 eggs were transferred to 25º C and the emergence and reproductive capacity were observed. The T. pretiosum emergence rate was not affected by the storage time at 3 temperatures (Tukey P ≤ 0.05) and the lowest emergence rates were 85.6%, 84.5% and 77.6%, respectively for parasitoid storage at 5, 8 and 10º C. The reproductive capacity of T. pretiosum was not affected after the exposure periods in the temperatures evaluated. This result will aid in the planning of mass production, package and transport of T. pretiosum to the place of release.

Reproducibility of heart rate variability parameters measured in healthy subjects at rest and after a postural change maneuver

Heart rate variability (HRV) provides important information about cardiac autonomic modulation. Since it is a noninvasive and inexpensive method, HRV has been used to evaluate several parameters of cardiovascular health. However, the internal reproducibility of this method has been challenged in some studies. Our aim was to determine the intra-individual reproducibility of HRV parameters in short-term recordings obtained in supine and orthostatic positions. Electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were obtained from 30 healthy subjects (20-49 years, 14 men) using a digital apparatus (sampling ratio = 250 Hz). ECG was recorded for 10 min in the supine position and for 10 min in the orthostatic position. The procedure was repeated 2-3 h later. Time and frequency domain analyses were performed. Frequency domain included low (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.4 Hz) bands. Power spectral analysis was performed by the autoregressive method and model order was set at 16. Intra-subject agreement was assessed by linear regression analysis, test of difference in variances and limits of agreement. Most HRV measures (pNN50, RMSSD, LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio) were reproducible independent of body position. Better correlation indexes (r > 0.6) were obtained in the orthostatic position. Bland-Altman plots revealed that most values were inside the agreement limits, indicating concordance between measures. Only SDNN and NNv in the supine position were not reproducible. Our results showed reproducibility of HRV parameters when recorded in the same individual with a short time between two exams. The increased sympathetic activity occurring in the orthostatic position probably facilitates reproducibility of the HRV indexes.

Effects of chronic treadmill training on body mass gain and visceral fat accumulation in overfed rats

This study evaluated the effects of chronic treadmill training on body mass gain and visceral fat accumulation in overfed rats. Overfeeding was induced by reducing the litter size to 3 male pups per mother during the suckling period. The litter size of control rats was adjusted to 10 male pups per mother. Seven weeks after birth overfed and normally fed rats were selected and assigned to a sedentary protocol or to a low-intensity treadmill training protocol (60 min, 5 times/week, for 9 weeks). Four groups (overfed sedentary, N = 23; normally fed sedentary, N = 32; overfed exercised, N = 18, and normally fed exercised, N = 18) were evaluated at 18 weeks. Data are reported as means ± SEM. Initial body weight was similar in control and overfed rats [8.0 ± 0.2 g (N = 42) vs 8.0 ± 0.1 g (N = 50); P > 0.05] and body weight gain during the suckling period was higher in the overfed rats (30.6 ± 0.9 vs 23.1 ± 0.3 g; P < 0.05). Exercise attenuated the body weight gain of overfed compared to sedentary rats (505 ± 14 vs 537 ± 12 g; P < 0.05). The sedentary overfed rats showed higher visceral fat weight compared to normally fed animals (31.22 ± 2.08 vs 21.94 ± 1.76 g; P < 0.05). Exercise reduced visceral fat by 36.5 percent in normally fed rats and by 35.7 percent in overfed rats. Exercise attenuated obesity in overfed rats and induced an important reduction of visceral fat.

Kinetics of cardiac and vascular remodeling by spontaneously hypertensive rats after discontinuation of long-term captopril treatment

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce blood pressure and attenuate cardiac and vascular remodeling in hypertension. However, the kinetics of remodeling after discontinuation of the long-term use of these drugs are unknown. Our objective was to investigate the temporal changes occurring in blood pressure and vascular structure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Captopril treatment was started in the pre-hypertensive state. Rats (4 weeks) were assigned to three groups: SHR-Cap (N = 51) treated with captopril (1 g/L) in drinking water from the 4th to the 14th week; SHR-C (N = 48) untreated SHR; Wistar (N = 47) control rats. Subgroups of animals were studied at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after discontinuation of captopril. Direct blood pressure was recorded in freely moving animals after femoral artery catheterism. The animals were then killed to determine left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the aorta fixed at the same pressure measured in vivo. Captopril prevented hypertension (105 ± 3 vs 136 ± 5 mmHg), LVH (2.17 ± 0.05 vs 2.97 ± 0.14 mg/g body weight) and the increase in cross-sectional area to luminal area ratio of the aorta (0.21 ± 0.01 vs 0.26 ± 0.02 ìm²) (SHR-Cap vs SHR-C). However, these parameters increased progressively after discontinuation of captopril (22nd week: 141 ± 2 mmHg, 2.50 ± 0.06 mg/g, 0.27 ± 0.02 ìm²). Prevention of the development of hypertension in SHR by using captopril during the prehypertensive period prevents the development of cardiac and vascular remodeling. Recovery of these processes follows the kinetic of hypertension development after discontinuation of captopril.

Representações sociais das infecções hospitalares elaboradas pelos profissionais de saúde / Representaciones sociales de las infeciones hospitalares elaboradas por profesionales de salud / Social representations of hospital infections elaborated by health professionals

O estudo objetivou apreender e analisar as Representações Sociais das Infecções Hospitalares elaboradas pelos profissionais e estudantes de saúde de um hospital público de Teresina-PI. Pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram produzidos a partir do teste de associação livre de palavras, e processados pelo software Tri-Deux Mots, que deram origem a 563 palavras como respostas para os estímulos: Infecção hospitalar, procedimentos invasivos, esterilização de material, precaução padrão. O posicionamento dos sujeitos da pesquisa frente à infecção hospitalar foi evidenciado com evocações, tais como: paramentação, sondagem e mãos. O resultado reforça a ênfase dada pelos profissionais da saúde à paramentação para sua própria proteção e a do paciente durante procedimentos invasivos, ressaltando a importância do cuidado com as mãos.

This study has the aim to analyze the Social Representation of the Hospital Infections elaborated by health professionals and health students of a public hospital of Teresina-PI. The study has a quantitative and descriptive approach. The data was produced based on the free association of words test and processed by the Tri-Deux Mots software gave origin to 563 words as response to the following stimulus: Hospital infection, invasive procedures, sterilization of materials and standard. The positions of the subjects regarding hospital infection was demonstrated with words such as: paramentation, probing and hands. The results reinforce the emphasis given by the health professionals to the paramentation for his own and the patient protection during invasive procedures, pointing out the importance to the hands hygiene.

El estudio objetivó aprehender e analizar las Representaciones Sociales de las Infecciones Hospitalarias elaboradas por los profesionales e estudiantes de salud de un hospital estatal de Teresina-PI. Pesquisa descriptiva, con abordaje cualitativa. Los dados fueron producidos a partir de teste de asociación libre de palabras, y procesados por el software Tri-Deux Mots, que dieron origen a 563 palabras como respuestas para los estímulos: Infección hospitalario, procedimientos invasivos, esterilización de material, precaución padrón. El posicionamiento de los sujetos de la investigación frente a la infección hospitalario fue evidenciado con evocaciones, tales como: paramentación, sondaje y manos. El resultado refuerza la énfasis dada por los profesionales de la salud a la paramentación para su propia protección y la del paciente durante procedimientos invasivos, resaltando la importancia del cuidado con las manos.

Distribuição da força plantar e oscilação do centro de pressão em relação ao peso e posicionamento do material escolar / Plantar force distribution and pressure center oscillation in relation to the weight and positioning of school supplies and books in student's backpack

OBJETIVO: Investigou-se a influência da carga e posicionamento do material escolar sobre a distribuição da força plantar (DFP) e trajetória do centro de pressão (COP) em estudantes. MÉTODOS: Participaram 30 voluntários (10,7 ± 1,35 anos), ambos os gêneros, sem alteração postural. Dados baropodométricos foram coletados em sistema de baropodometria computadorizada (Matscan Research, Teckscanâ, 5.72): sem carga (controle); com carga (mochila) de 5, 10 e 15 por cento da massa corporal, posicionada nas regiões anterior e posterior do tronco, ombro direito e esquerdo. RESULTADOS: Sem carga, a DFP foi maior no calcâneo esquerdo comparado ao direito (p< 0,05). Com carga de 10 por cento no ombro esquerdo, a DFP foi maior à direita e menor à esquerda, comparado ao controle (p< 0,05). Com 5 por cento na região posterior do tronco, a DFP foi menor no médio-pé direito (mpD) e antepé esquerdo (apE); com 10 por cento, foi menor no mpD e mpE e maior no artelho direito (atD); com 15 por cento, foi menor no mpD e maior no atD (p< 0,05). A força plantar foi maior no atD com carga de 10 e 15 por cento em relação a 5 por cento (p< 0,05). Com carga de 15 por cento nas regiões anterior e posterior do tronco, a trajetória do COP foi maior (p< 0,05) comparada à carga de 5 por cento. A DFP não foi influenciada pelas diferentes cargas e posições da mochila. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando o aumento da trajetória do COP com carga de 15 por cento, recomenda-se que a carga das mochilas escolares não ultrapasse 10 por cento da massa corporal. Sugere-se investigação das adaptações da postura às diferentes cargas e posições da mochila, visando detectar possíveis alterações e propor ações preventivas.

OBJECTIVE: The influence of the weight and positioning of school supplies and books in backpacks, on plantar force distribution (PFD) and pressure center location, was investigated among students. METHODS: Thirty volunteers of both genders participated in the study. Their mean age was 10.76 (± 1.35) years and none of them had postural abnormalities. Baropodometric data were collected using a computerized baropodometric system (Matscan Research, Tekscanâ, 5.72): without load (control) and with loads of 5, 10 and 15 percent of body weight in a backpack, positioned on the back, on the chest and on the right and left shoulders. RESULTS: The PFD without load was greater on the left heel than on the right heel (p< 0.05). With a load of 10 percent on the left shoulder, the PFD was greater on the right and smaller on the left foot, in comparison with the control (p< 0.05). With a load of 5 percent on the back, the PFD was smaller on the right midfoot (RMF) and left forefoot (lff); with 10 percent, it was smaller on the RMF and left midfoot (LMF) and greater on the right toes (RT); with 15 percent, it was smaller on the RMF and greater on the RT (p< 0.05). The plantar force was greater on the RT with loads of 10 percent and 15 percent than it was with loads of 5 percent (p< 0.05). With loads of 15 percent on the back and on the chest, the pressure center displacement was greater than with a load of 5 percent (p< 0.05). The PFD was not influenced by the different loads and backpack positions. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into consideration the increased pressure center displacement with a load of 15 percent, it is recommended that school backpack loads should not exceed 10 percent of body mass. Investigations on posture adaptations to different loads and backpack positions are suggested, in order to detect possible abnormalities and propose preventive actions.

Management of oral health in patients irradiated for head and neck cancer: a review.

Management of oral health plays an integral role in the treatment of Head & Neck Cancers. Radiation therapy is a significant treatment modality in the management of Head and Neck Cancers. However, high dose of radiation is also associated with side effects. Oral health management plays an important role in preventing these complications. Therefore it is mandatory to initiate prompt oral health care that can prevent the associated orodental complications. This article is a review on oral complications associated with radiation therapy, their prevention and management.

Analise da resposta da frequencia cardiaca durante a realizacao de exercicio isocinetico excentrico de grupamento extensor de joelho / Analysis of heart rate response during eccentric isokinetic exercise of knee extensor muscle group

Investigar a magnitude da resposta da frequencia cardiaca durante o exercicio isocinetico excentrico do grupamento extensor do joelho, em diferentes velocidades angulares. Materiais e metodos: dez voluntarios jovens, sadios e ativos foram submetidos a contracao excentrica maxima do grupo extensor do joelho dominante. Foi utilizado um dinamometro isocinetico, nas velocidades de 30o/s, 60o/s e 120o/s, ordenadas aleatoriamente. A FC foi obtida batimento a batimento, na derivacao eletrocardiografica MC5 modificada, durante 60s pre-exercicio, durante o tempo de contracao, sendo cinco repeticoes para cada velocidade, e por 120s apos o esforco. Foram calculadas: FC media dos 60s pre-exercicio, FC pico atingida ao final do esforco, e variacao da FC (AFC), alem dos valores do pico de torque. Tambem foram comparados valores da FC media dos 6 minutos pre exercicio com os 6 minutos de recupercao. Os resultados foram comparados pelo teste de Friedman com post hoc de Dunn. O nivel de significancia estabelecido foi de 5 por cento. Resultados:nao foram observadas diferencas estatisticamente significantes entre os valores medianos da FC de repouso (68bpm para 30o/s e 60o/s, 70 bpm para 120o/s), FC pico (107bpm para 30o/s, 103 em 60o/s e 100bpm em 120o/s) e AFC (37bpm para 30o/s, 35bpm em 60o/s e 27bpm para 120o/s). A mediana dos valores de FC anteriores ao esforco foi semelhante aos de recuperacao (67bpm). Conclusao: a magnitude de resposta da FC foi semelhante, durante atividade muscular excentrica, indicando uma mesma sobrecarga cardiaca, independente da velocidade angular realizada

Células endócrinas do sistema gastroenteropancreático: conceitos, distribuição, secreções, ação e controle / Endocrine cells of the gastroenteropancreatic system: concepts, distribution, secretions, action and regulation / Células endocrinas del sistema gastroenteropancreástica:conceptos, distribuición, secreciones, acción y regulación

RESUMO: Os sistemas nervoso e endócrino estão integrados para controlar os eventos motores e secretores, envolvidos no processo de digestão e absorção dos nutrientes no trato gastrointestinal (TGI). Nesta revisão, foi enfocado o sistema gastroenteropancreático (GEP), como um sistema endócrino difuso, constituído por células endócrinas dispersas ao longo do epitélio de revestimento do trato gastrointestinal e no pâncreas.Sobre esse sistema foram abordados conceitos e formas de classifi cação, distribuição das células endócrinas ao longo do TGI, principais tipos de secreção dessas células e sua ação sobre os eventos da digestão, além de alguns processos regulatórios que controlam tal secreção

RESUMEN: Los sistemas nervioso y endocrino interactúan para el control de la motilidad y la secreción involucradas en los proceso de digestión y absorción de los nutrientes en el tracto gastrointestinal (TGI). Esta revisión fue enfocada en el sistema gastroenteropancreatico (GEP), el cual se caracteriza por ser un sistema endocrino difuso formado por células endocrinas dispersas a lo largo del epitelio de revestimiento del TGI y en el páncreas. Sobre este sistema fueron abordados conceptos y formas de laclasifi cación, así como la distribución de las células endocrinas a lo largo de TGI, principales tipos de secreción de éstas células y su acción sobre los eventos de la digestión, además de algunos procesos reguladores que controlan esa secreción.

ABSTRACT: The nervous and endocrine systems are integrated to control the motor and secretor events which are involved in the digestion and absorption process of the nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In this revision the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system was focused as a diffuse endocrine system constituted by endocrine cells dispersed along the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. On this system, concepts and forms of classifi cation were discussed, as well as the distribution of the endocrine cells along the GIT, main types of secretion of these cells and their action on the events of the digestion, besides some regulatory processes which control such secretion

Hereditary hemochromatosis in a Brazilian university hospital in São Paulo State (1990-2000)

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is the most common genetic disease among individuals of European descent. Two mutations (845G-->A, C282Y and 187C-->G, H63D) in the hemochromatosis gene (HFE gene) are associated with HH. About 85-90% of patients of northern European descent with HH are C282Y homozygous. The prevalence of HH in the Brazilian population, which has a very high level of racial admixture, is unknown. The aims of the present study were to identify individuals with diagnostic criteria for HH among patients with a body iron overload attended at the university hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto from 1990 to 2000, and to evaluate the prevalence of HFE mutations. We screened first-degree relatives for HFE mutations. Four of 72 patients (three men and one woman, mean age 47 years) fulfilled the criteria for HH. HFE mutations were studied in three patients [two C282Y homozygotes (patients 1 and 2) and one H63D heterozygote]. Patient 1 had four children (all C282Y heterozygotes with no iron overload) and seven brothers and sisters: two sisters (66 and 76 years old) were C282Y homozygotes and both had an iron overload (a liver biopsy in one showed severe iron deposits), one sister (79 years old) was a compound heterozygote with no iron overload, one brother (78 years old) was a C282Y heterozygote with no iron overload, two individuals were H63D heterozygotes (one brother, 49 years old, obese, with a body iron overload and abnormal liver enzymes - a biopsy showed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and one 70-year-old sister with no iron overload). Patient 2 had two children (22 and 24 years old who were C282Y heterozygotes with no iron overload) but no brothers or sisters. These results showed that HH was uncommon among individuals attended at our hospital, although HFE mutations were found in all patients. Familial screening is valuable for the early diagnosis of individuals at risk since it allows treatment to be initiated before the onset of the clinical manifestations of organ damage associated with HH

Comparação entre métodos de estocagem de DNA extraído de amostras de sangue, sêmen e pêlos e entre técnicas de extração / Comparison between storage methods of DNA extracted from blood, semen and hair and between the techniques of extraction

DNA samples of six bovines obtained from three tissues (blood, semen and hair) were extracted using two different techniques. After the extraction procedures the samples were divided in six fractions. Three were stored at -20º C and three at 4º C. Every three months one sample of each tissue/extraction procedure was analyzed in spectrophotometer, to determine the quantity of the DNA and the extract was amplified using the primer RM 29. No differences in the DNA quantity or in the level of protein contamination among the three periods of analyses were observed. All the DNA extracted by quick extraction technique showed good amplification patterns during the nine months, meaning that this technique can be used in laboratory routine instead of the permanent extraction technique. The extract obtained from blood, using the permanent extraction technique, showed the higher quantity of DNA with the smaller index of protein contamination. The high quantity of protein contamination found in the semen samples preserved in egg yolk demanded modifications in both extraction techniques. After that the results were positive, showing good amplification patterns.