RESUMEN
Abstract Objectives: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. Results: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). Conclusions: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes.
RESUMEN
A obesidade na adolescência está associada à disfunção simpato-vagal cardíaca em repouso, embora existam poucas informações sobre a resposta autonômica durante o exercício nestes adolescentes. OBJETIVO: Comparar a modulação autonômica durante teste de esforço físico dinâmico incremental em amostras de adolescentes obesos e não-obesos, e analisar a relação entre o limiar de variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (LiVFC) e o limar ventilatório (LV). MÉTODOS: Dez adolescentes obesos e 19 adolescentes não-obesos do sexo masculino com idades entre 13 e 18 anos foram submetidos à teste de esforço físico progressivo máximo em esteira rolante para estudo da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC) e para identificação do LV. A VFC foi estudada mediante análise do desvio-padrão da variabilidade instantânea batimento-a-batimento (SD1) da Plotagem de Poincaré. O LiVFC foi identificado na intensidade de esforço físico em que o SD1 atingiu valor menor que 3 ms. RESULTADOS: O índice SD1 diminuiu progressivamente em ambos os grupos até aproximadamente 50-60 por cento do VO2pico, sendo que os adolescentes obesos apresentaram valores significativamente menores (p<0,001) somente na intensidade relativa a 20 por cento do VO2pico, Os adolescentes obesos apresentaram valores relativos (mL.kg-1.min-1) de VO2pico e LV significativamente menores (p<0,05) que os adolescentes não-obesos. Em ambos os grupos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o ponto de ocorrência do LV e do LiVFC, expressos em valores relativos e absolutos de VO2. Contudo, não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre o ponto de ocorrência do LV e do LiVFC, tanto em valores relativos quanto em valores absolutos de VO2. CONCLUSÕES: A obesidade na adolescência parece não estar associada à alteração da modulação autonômica durante o exercício físico. Torna-se possível determinar o LiVFC mediante análise da Plotagem de Poincaré em adolescentes obesos e não-obesos. Entretanto, a ausência de associação estatística entre o LiVFC e o LV demonstra que parece não haver relação causal entre estes eventos.
Obesity in adolescence is associated with a cardiac sympathetic-parasympathetic dysfunction at rest. However, there is little information about the autonomic response during exercise in these adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cardiac autonomic modulation during a maximal exercise test in obese and non-obese adolescents and analyze the association between the Heart Rate Variability threshold (HRVT) and the Ventilatory threshold (VT). METHODS: Ten obese and 19 non-obese male adolescents with age between 13-18 years were submitted to a maximal progressive treadmill physical exercise test for Heart Rate Variability (HRV) study and VT determination. HRV was assessed through the study of Poincaré Plot, by the analysis of the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability (SD1). HRVT was defined as the effort intensity at which the SD1 reached less than 3 ms. RESULTS: The SD1 index reduced progressively in both groups until approximately 50-60 percent of VO2peak, while the obese adolescents showed lower significant values (p<0.001) only in the relative intensity of 20 percent of VO2peak. The obese adolescents showed relative values (mL.kg-1.min-1) of VO2peak and VT significantly lower (p<0.05) than non-obese ones. There were no significant differences between VT and HRVT, expressed in absolute and relative VO2 values for neither groups. However, no significant correlations between VT and HRVT were found, neither in absolute nor relative values. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity in adolescence does not seem to be associated with the autonomic modulation during physical exercise. It is possible to determine the HRVT by Poincaré Plot in obese and non-obese adolescents. Nonetheless, the absence of statistical association between HRVT and VT suggests a lack of causal relationship between these events.