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Objective To investigate the correlation between carotid intraplaque neovascularization and acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Methods The patients examined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound were enroled and divided into either a symptomatic group or an asymptomatic group according to their cerebral ischemic symptoms. The patients were also divided into a low-echo group, an equal-echo group, and an heterogeneous echo group according to the plaque echo characteristics on conventional ultrasound. The carotid intraplaque neovascularization was evaluated with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the correlation between carotid intraplaque neovascularization and acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Results A total of 73 patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease were enroled, 32 patients in the symptoms group (19 ischemic stroke, 13 transient ischemic attack), 41 patients in the asymptomatic group. Plaque echo characteristics: low-echo 15, equal-echo 41, and heterogeneous echo 17. The proportions of the patients with plaque enhancement (84. 4% vs. 61. 0% ; χ2 = 4. 802, P = 0. 028) and enhanced intensity (21. 78 ± 8. 50 dB vs. 15. 93 ± 8. 82 dB; t = 2. 440, P = 0. 018) in the symptomatic group were significantly higher than those in the asymptomatic group. The proportions of the patients with enhanced plaque in the low-echo, equal-echo and heterogeneous echo group were 93. 3% , 58. 5% , and 82. 4% , respectively (χ2 = 7. 826, P = 0. 020 ). The low-echo group and heterogeneous echo group were significantly higher than the equal-echo group (al P 0. 05). The intraplaque enhanced intensities in the low-echo group, equal-echo group, and heterogeneous echo group were 22. 62 ± 9. 33 dB, 14. 38 ± 8. 02 dB, and 18. 15 ± 9. 64 dB, respectively (F = 3. 877, P = 0. 027). The low-echo group was significantly higher than the equal-echo group (P = 0. 024 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that carotid intraplaque neovascularization (odds ratio 3. 456, 95% confidence interval 1. 103 - 10. 828; P = 0. 033) was independently associated with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions Carotid intraplaque neovascularization is closely associated with acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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Since 2010,the activities of high quality nursing service demonstration project were carried out in the national health system,its main purpose is to strengthen the nursing foundation,and provide satisfactory service.By conducting these activities,significant achievements have been made,such as improved nursing quality,reduced nurse-patient disputes.However,in the process of implementation,there are stillsome problems for us to think about and solve.In this paper,there is a brief commentary about the results of high quality nursing implementation and related issues.
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Objective To study the clinical significance of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) positive lesions in transient ischemic attacks (TIA) patients,TIA patients with fully reversible lesions were compared with the other patients for investigating the predictive value of apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) for distinguishing between TIA and stroke.Methods Fifty-seven patients hospitalized with TIA at Department of Neurology,Central Hospital of Baotou August 2009 to June 2011 were identified.All patients had brain magnetic resonance imaging within 24 h after onset,then they were divided into DWI positive group and negative group.A follow-up MR imaging or CT was available in patients of DWI positive group.According to MRI or CT,patients were divided into TIA group and cerebral infarction (CI) group.Clinical features and DWI Imaging were compared between the two groups.For each lesion,the quantitative parameters on initial DWI (ADC) were recorded,and comparisons between reversible and irreversible lesions were performed.Results The ADC values were (630.4 ±25.9) × 10-3 mm2/s in lesions with TIA and (495.2 ±60.0) x 10-3 mm2/s with brain infaction (t =6.669,P =0.000).The relative ADC ratio values were lower (62.6％ ±7.4％ vs 82.1％ ±5.6％,t =7.013,P =0.000) in lesions with subsequent infarct than in those that were fully reversible.Conclusions ADC values are moderately decreased in DWI lesions from TIA patients,while ADC values are significantly decreased in CI group.It is useful to early distinguish TIA from CI by comparing ADC and rADC values.
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Objective To study the best diagnostic imaging procedure after acute stroke.Methods 53 patients with acute stroke were recruited within 72 hours after symptom onset.CT was performed in all patients firstly, then T1 weighted-imaging( T1 WI), T2 weighted-imaging( T2WI ), gradient recalled echo T2 * weighted-imaging( GRE-T2 * WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) were examined at 1.5T.Furthermore 15 patients with ischemic stroke received perfusion-weighted imaging(PWI) examination.Results 15 patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage and one patient of hemorrhagic brain tumor appeared clear on GRE-T2 * WI.3 patients with transient ischemic attack(TIA) were normal on T1WI ,T2WI ,GRE-T2* WI and DWI.18 cases with cerebral infarction appeared normal on GRE-T2 * WI within 6 hours after symptom onset, and 7 cases of them underwent PWI examination, the signal intensity of 3 cases were PWI ≥ DWI and of 4 cases were PWI = DWI.14 patients appeared hyperintense on GRE-T2 * WI within 6 ～72 hours after symptom onset.8 patients of them underwent PWI examination,the signal intensity of 6 cases were PWI≥DWI and of 2 cases were PWI = DWI.Of 14 patients,7 patients appeared as 1 ～ 18 dot or patchy hypointense whose diameter was about 2 ～ 5mm on GRE-T2 * WI.Another case of headache with hemiplegia and the side of the limb didnt show abnormalities on the CT, but showed a low signal in ambient cistern on T2 * WI and was proved to be subarachnoid hemorrhage.Conclusion After acute stroke,multi-sequence MRI enables the "one-stop shopping" imaging of cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral infarction and TIA in a shorter time,makes the state of micro-bleeding clear,determines ischemic penumbra,and even guides for thrombolytic treatment.
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A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was established for the simultaneous determination of 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture. A Grace Apollo Cl8 column （250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm） was used as the stationary phase and the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and aqueous phosphoric acid （0.2%, v/v）. Gradient elution was carried out at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the column temperature was 30 ℃. An ultraviolet （UV） detector was used with a selected wavelength of 240 nm. Calibration curves were linear within the concentration range of 4.6-45.75 μg/mL for 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin （r〉0.9999） and 106.9-1068.9μg/mL for glycyrrhizic acid （r〉0.9999）, respectively. Recoveries were 102.18% for 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin and 101.17% for glycyrrhizic acid. The method developed could be applied to the simultaneous determination of 12, 13- dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture.
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A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of 12,13-dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture.A Grace Apollo C18 column (250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm) was used as the stationary phase and the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and aqueous phosphoric acid (0.2％,v/v).Gradient elution was carried out at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the column temperature was 30 ℃.An ultraviolet (UV) detector was used with a selected wavelength of 240 nm.Calibration curves were linear within the concentration range of 4.6-45.75 μg/mL for 12,13-dihydroxyeuparin (r＞0.9999) and 106.9-1068.9μg/mL for glycyrrhizic acid (r＞0.9999),respectively.Recoveries were 102.18 ％ for 12,13-dihydroxyeuparin and 101.17％ for glycyrrhizic acid.The method developed could be applied to the simultaneous determination of 12,13-dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture.
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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix,participate in the atherosclerosis (As) formation and plaque rupture.They are associated with the stability of plaque.Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) is a specific natural MMP inhibitor.The disequilibrium between MMPs and TIMP is closely associated with the formation and development of AS.Therefore,it is a new approach for the prevention and treatment of cardiocerebrovascular diseases by regulating the equilibration between MMPs and TIMP, delaying the development of AS and preventing plaque rupture.
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OBJECTIVE:To conduct pharmacognostical study of Caulopyhllum robustum Diels so as to offer evidences for exploiting and utilization of this herbal plant. METHODS:A pharmacognostical study of C.robustum was performed by carrying out identification of characteristics,microscopic identification and physicochemical identification. RESULTS:The pharmacognostical features of C.robustum have been established in our study. CONCLUSIONS:This study is suitable for the identification of the origin of C.robustum and it provides approach and evidence for the establishment of the quality standard and sustainable development of resources of C.robustum.
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BACKGROUND: Analgesic applied at present induces harmful effects of different ways and degrees, which restricts the treatment of pain to a certain extend. Analgesia of Chinese drug with multi-target and multi-layer mechanism is advantageous to the treatment of pain.OBJECTIVE: To observe the analgesia of allied fuzi tang and shaoyao gancao tang (allied decoction) and its approach on painful animal model.DESIGN: Randomized controlled observation was designed.SETTING: Center Laboratory Room of Fenyang College of Shanxi University of Medical Science.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Center Laboratory Room of Fenyang College of Shanxi University of Medical Science from October to December 2004. Totally 50 SD rats and 60 Kunming mice were employed. By pre-screening of pain threshold, the animals with similar threshold were selected in the experiment.METHODS:① Preparation of allied decoction:fuzi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata) was decocted firstly for 1 h, shaoyao (Paeonia Lactiflra Pall.), baishao (Radix Paeoniae Alba.) (stirred-fried with wine) and gancao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) (prepared with honey) were extracted with 750 mL/L ethanol successively, 0.5 hour/time and the ethanol was recycled totally for 3 times. The extracts were collected together and concentrated as 4 g/mL of raw herbs.② Analgesia of allied decoction on painful rats induced by formaldehyde solution: 50 SD rats were divided into 5 groups, named model group, aspirin group and allied-decoction groups of 40 g/kg, 20 g/kg and 10 g/kg successively, 10 rats in each one. In model group and aspirin group, formaldehyde solution 25 mL/L and aspirin 0.2 g/kg were applied respectively. Gastric perfusion was applied for medication in each group.Before the medication, in every group, 25 mL/L formaldehyde solution 50 μL was injected subcutaneously on dorsum of left hindquarter of rat. Cumulative time of pain reaction in 1-5 minutes ( Ⅰ phase) and 15-40 minutes (Ⅱ phase) was recorded respectively after injection for evaluation.Painful integral= (time of raising the injected hindquarter ×1+ time of biting the trembled injected hindquarter ×2)/300. After bred for 1 week,the experimental animals were medicated by gastric perfusion continuously for 3 days. On the 3rd day, 1 hour after medication, 25 mL/L formaldehyde solution 50 mL was injected subcutaneously on dorsum of left hindquarter.Painful integral was calculated based on the above method. Analgesic score =integral after medication/integral before medication ×100％.③ Determination of nitrogen monoxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum and spinal cord in painful mice induced by glacial acetic acid: 60 kunming mice were divided into 6 groups, named blank control, model group, aspirin group and allied-decoction groups of 40 g/kg, 20 g/kg and 10 g/kg successively, 10 mice in each one. In blank control and model group, physiological saline 10 mL/kg and 6 g/L glacial acetic acid 10 mL/kg were injected abdominally respectively. In aspirin group and allied-decoction groups of 40 g/kg, 20 g/kg and 10 g/kg successively, 1 hour after medication on the 3rd day, 6 g/L glacial acetic acid 10 mL/kg was injected abdominally. Ten minutes after the injection, blood was collected from posterior ocular venous plexus. Serum was separated to determine NO concentration (catalytic spectrophotometry), PG content (UV spectrophotometry) and SOD activity.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:① Analgesic integralof rats in each group.② Determination of NO,PG contents and SOD activity in serumand spinal cord in serum and spinal cord in mice.RESULTS: Totally 50 SD rats and 60 kunming mice were all in result analysis,no dropped-out case.① Comparison of analgesic integrals ofrats in each group: Analgesic integral of Ⅰ phase in allied-decoction group of 40 g/kg was lower significantly than that in model group (82.1±9.8, 95.3±8.7, t=3.17, P ＜ 0.05). The integrals of allied-decoction groups of 40 g/kg and 20 g/kg at Ⅱ phase were lower significantly than those in model group (69.7±10.4, 73.2±7.5, 98.9±6.7, t=6.64, 6.08, P ＜ 0.01).② Comparison of NO,PG contents and SOD activity in serum and spinalcord in mice in each group: Compared with model group, NO and PG contents in aspirin group and allied groups of 40 g/kg, 20 g/kg and 10 g/kg were reduced significantly and SOD activity was increased significantly (t=3.21-19.30, P ＜ 0.05-0.01). Compared with aspirin group, NO and PG contents in allied decoction group of 40 g/kg and 20 g/kg were re duced significantly and SOD activity was increased significantly (t=2.82-7.43, P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Allied decoction inhibits pain at Ⅰ and Ⅱ phases induced by formaldehyde solution, significantly reduces NO and PG contents in serum and spinal cord of painful mice induced by glacial acetic acid and increases SOD activity. It is suggested that the alliance of two formulas provides analgesia of central nerve and peripheral nerve ending, which is probably associated with the alternations of NO, PG and SOD.
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BACKGROUND :Traditional Chinese herbal medicines, according to their different pharmacological effects, may promote, inhibit or bi-directionally regulate gastrointestinal motility. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Cudong Tongbian (CDTB) capsule,a traditional Chinese herbal preparation, on gastrointestinal motility and defecation in rats. DESIGN :Randomized controlled experimental with SD rats. SETTING :Department of Pharmacology of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University. MATERIALS:This study was carried out at the Central Laboratory of Fenyang College,Shanxi Medical University between October, 2003 and January, 2004.Fifty SD rats of both gender (by half) with body mass of 200 to 250 g were randomizedinto 5 equal groups, namely normal saline group, high-and low-dose CDTB groups, Bianmitong (BMT) group and glycerol group.Altogether 150 Kunming rats with body mass of 20 to 25 g of both genders (by half) were divided into 3 groups (n=50) for gastric emptying experiment, intestinal movement experiment and defecation experiment, respectively. METHODS:①Gastric emptying experiment of CDTB capsule was performed with domperidoneas the standard control.Fifty SD rats were randomized into 5 groups to receive subcutaneous injection of normal saline (0.2 mL/20 g), solution of CDTB capsule (prepared from the Chinese herbs mainly of costus root, aurantii fructus immaturus, hawthorn fruit, and Rhizoma pinelliae) at high dose (10 g/kg) and low dose (5 g/kg), and domperidone at high dose (30 mg/kg) and low dose (15 mg/kg).Forty minutes later, gastric lavage with 1 g/L methyl orange was performed, 30 minutes after which the rats were killed to obtain gastric tissue rinsed thoroughly with 10 mL distilled water.The optical density of methyl orange in the gastric tissue was determined by colorimetric assay against the optical density of 0.2 mL methyl orange (1g/L) mixed with 0.2 mL 10 mL distilled water.The gastric residual rate =(gastric methyl orange optical density/basic methyl orange absorbence)×100％.②Intestinal movement experiment was carried out with BMT as the standard control.Fifty SD rats were randomized into five groups, namely normal saline group (0.2 mL/20 g), CDTB high dose (10 g/kg) and low dose (5 g/kg) groups, and BMT high-dose (10 g/kg) and low-dose (5 g/kg) groups.CDTB capsule and BMT were dissolved in normal saline for gastric lavage at 0.2 mL/20 g twice a day for 3 consecutive days.Thirty minutes after the last administration, 100 g/L active carbon was used for gastric larvae at the dose of 0.2 mL/20 g.Thirty minutes later, the rats were killed and the mesentery was isolated with the intestines between the pylorus and ileocecal junction taken for examination.The carbon powder movement rate= distance between the pylorus and the farthest carbon powder / total distance between the pylorus and ileocecal junction×100％.③ BMT was used as the standard control in defecation experiment.The grouping and drug administration were similar to those in intestinal moving experiment.The fecal amount within 7 days and the first fecal time after drug administration were recorded, and the fecal wet weight and dry weight(dried at 65 ℃ for 12 hours)were used to calculate fecal water content, and higher water content was thought to facilitate defecation.④ Intestinal water absorbent experiment was performed with BMTand glycerol as the standard controls.After a fast for 24 hours, the rats were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of urethane and the ileocecal junction was ligated, with the intestine above the ileocecal junction ligated into 5 segments where normal saline, glycerol in 0.2 mL normal saline,BMT (10 g/kg), and CDTB at high (10 g/kg) and low doses (5 g/kg) were injected respectively.The rats were killed 2 hours after closure of the incision and edema of each intestinal segment and the intestinal perimeter was observed or measured, with the wet weight and dry weight(dried for 12hours) of the bowel segments determined to calculate the water content. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURS: ① Gastric methyl-organ residual rate,carbon powder moving rate and fecal water content.②Intestinal water content. RESULTS:All 50 rats and 150 Kunming mice survived the experiments without losses.Gastric methyl orange residual rate was significantly lower in high-and low-dose CDTB groups than in the normal saline group [(21.8±6.5)％ and (23.8±7.0)％ vs(36.4±11.1)％, t=3.59, 3.04, P ＜ 0.05)], but similar to that of the high-and low-dose domperidone groups [(19.5 ±5.6)％ ,(22.1±5.6)％,respectively, P ＞ 0.05)].Carbon powder movement rate was significantly higher in high-and low-dose CDTB groups than in the normal saline group [(70.2±3.8)％ and (66.2±2.9)％ vs (52.0±4.1)％, t=10.03, 8.94, P ＜ 0.01)], but similar to high-and low-dose BMT groups [(73.3±3.5)％ and (63.2±2.4)％, respectively, P＞0.05)].Similarly, fecal water content was significantly higher in high- and low-dose CDTB groups than in normal saline group (t=9.51, 7.91, P ＜ 0.01),but similar to high-and low-dose BMT groups (P ＞ 0.05).The intestinal water content was also significantly higher in the two CDTB groups than in normal saline group (t=1 1.13, 6.92, P ＜ 0.05-0.01), but significantly lower than BMT and glycerol groups (t=21.95, 12.18, P ＜ 0.01). CONCLUSION: CDTB capsule, at both high and low doses (10 and 5 g/kg,respectively), can promote gastrointestinal motility and increase fecal and intestinal water content to facilitate gastric emptying and defecation, but higher doses may achieve better effect.Compared with the positive control drugs used in this study, CDTB capsule can increase intestinal water content to a preferable level and cause less side effects.
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OBJECTIVE: To discuss the development direction for hospital pharmacists in the medical reform and to promote rational use of drugs.METHODS: The status quo for the medical reform was analyzed based on the practicality of hospital and the author's perspectives on how to improve pharmaceutical care level was presented.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Hospital pharmacists should change pharmaceutical care model to face up to the challenges in the medical reform by establishing clinical pharmacists' team and setting up pharmaceutical care center to improve pharmaceutical care level and adapt to the development of medical reform.
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Objective To compare the HPLC fingerprint of Rumex gmelini from different habitats by RP-HPLC (DAD). Methods In this paper, 12 different samples were studied. Separation was performed on an Planetsil C_ 18 column, with mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% phosphoric acid-water and with gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The UV detection wavelength was 254 nm, column temperature was 35 ℃, and the analysis time was 50 min. Results The results showed that this method has a good repeatability and the ratio of common peaksarea of different samples had some difference. Conclusion This method can be used to establish the chromatographic fingerprint of R. gmelini with high specificity.
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Objective To study the effect of three fungi of Helminthosporium on the seven kinds of bioactive constituents in root of seedling Rumex gmelini. Methods Let the R. gmelini infect the fungi of Helminthosporium by dealing the leave surface of R. gmelini with fungal spore suspension. The content of seven kinds of bioactive constituents was determined by HPLC and the results were analyzed by variance analysis. Results During the treatment time, little effect of three fungi of Helminthosporium on content of polydatin, chrysophanol 1-glucoside, and physcion, but the obvious effect on resveratrol, musizin, emodin, and chrysophanol was found. Conclusion The effects of H. turcicum 001 on yield and content of resveratrol are significant in early-middle stage (0—40 d), but treatment time over 40 d is not suitable. The results of this study could provide the new idea and theoretical basis for the exploiting of natural medicines and the planting of Chinese herbal medicine.