Detection of extended specturm beta lactamase [ESBL] producing organisms in enterobacteriaceae family like escherichia coli [E. coli] and klebsiella pneumoniae by double disc diffusion method [DDDM]

Extended spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL] producing organisms are extremely broad spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes found in a variety of enterobacteriaceae. Most strains producing these beta lactamases are Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherchia coli [E. coli]. When producing these enzymes, organisms become highly effective at inactivating various beta lactam antibiotics. In addition, ESBL producing bacteria are frequently resistant to many classes of antibiotics, resulting in difficult to treat infections. Other problems due to ESBL producing bacteria are difficulty in detecting the presence of ESBLs limiting treatment options and detoriation impact on clinical outcomes. Hence it is very important that a doctor should be familiar with the clinical significance of these enzymes and potential strategies for dealing with this growing problem

Rubella Antibodies in women with history of recent abortion

A study was designed to detect the prevalence of rubella antibodies and assess the immune status of 75 women of different age groups with a history of present abortion. Quantitative analysis of anti-rubella IgG and IgM was done on the sera. These cases were selected from a total number of 275 pregnant women presenting to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, from July, 1991 to April, 1992. A solid phase enzyme immunoassay [ELISA] was used for this purpose. Out of these 75 cases, 70 [93.3%] were positive for IgG while only 2 [2.7%] were positive for IgM antibody. Three out of 75 [4%] were negative for both IgG and IgM