Malaria control in an urban area: a success story from Khartoum, 1995-2004

Khartoum is an urban area with low malaria transmission. Early control efforts were successful in reducing the risk but malaria has resurged in recent years. In 2002, the Government of Sudan, with support of the World Health Organization, embarked on an initiative aimed at freeing Khartoum of malaria. The initiative's prevention strategy has focused on larval control interventions. The results indicate a significant reduction in malaria prevalence, confirmed and clinically diagnosed malaria cases among outpatient attendance and the number of malaria-associated deaths. It is proposed information be collected on parity rates and that a sub-sample of the adult mosquito collections be subjected to ELISA or PCR for identification of malaria parasite infections in mosquitoes in areas showing active foci

Entomological aspect of malaria vector in Khartoum State [2002-2005]

Entomological surveillance is used to determine changes in the geographical distribution and density of vectors, evaluate control programmes, obtain relative measurements of the vectors population over time and facilitate appropriate and timely decisions regarding interventions. This study aimed to present the results of entomological survey conducted in Khartoum State [2002-2005] as part of Khartoum Malaria Free Initiative. It also provides the recent results of the insecticides resistance in the State. Khartoum State has 24 entomological locations which are sited in the different parts of the state. The Data was taken from 3 successive years, from January 2002 to December 2005. All the 24 locations sampled lay within the malaria area in Khartoum State, mosquitoes were collected and processed following WHO guidelines. An.araabiensis was found susceptible to Fenitrothion 1% [100%] and Bendiocarb 0.1% [100%], and possibly resistance to DDT 4% [92.3%], Malathion 5% [83.2%] and permethrin 0 75% [95.1%]. The correlation between the abundances of adult density and larval density were found sign4ficantly in each year [2002 -2005]. Routine surveys for mosquito should be an ongoing function of every mosquito control programme. Entomological surveys aimed to monitor vector density, vector susceptibility to insecticides and to evaluate malaria control programme

Stratification of Khartoum urban area by the risk of malaria transmission

A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out in Khartoum urban area aimed at stratifying the area by risk of malaria transmission. Two thousand households [8092 individuals] were surveyed during the cold, dry and rainy seasons of 2002. Households with screened windows, using bednets or both were 5.0% [95% CI: 4.1-6.0], 10.9% [95% CI: 9.5-12.3] and 1.8% [95% CI: 1.2-2.5] respectively. Access to health services was high. Only 3.8% [95% CI: 2.9-4.7] of households kept antimalarial drugs at home. The parasite rate, spleen rate and fever rate were very low [0.21%, 0.17% and 0.97% respectively]. Overall, people in Greater Bahry suffer a greater burden of malaria than those in Greater Khartoum or Greater Omdurman, with a seasonal pattern of transmission