Diclofenac inhibits proliferation but not NGF-induced differentiation of PC 12 cells

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is prescribed for treatment of rheumatic diseases and as an analgesic. Although the information about these side effects has been widely reported, little is know about the effect of diclofenac on the neural cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of diclofenac on the proliferation and differentiation of PC12 cells. The cell proliferation was evaluated by using XTT assay in the both free-serum neurobasal medium supplemented with B27 supplement and DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% FBS. The nerve growth factor [NGF]-induced differentiation was assessed by measuring the neurite length. The drug toxicity was exhibited at the concentrations more than 310 microM in the supplemented neurobasal medium. The treatment of cells in the DMEM/F12 medium increased their sensitivity to diclofenac, with 40% and 75% growth inhibition at the 155 and 310 microM concentrations, respectively. The NGF-induced differentiation was not reduced by toxic and subtoxic concentrations of diclofenac. The results of this study indicated that diclofenac may be able to exhibit its neurotoxic effects through growth inhibition, but not differentiation inhibition. Supplement of B27 has several antioxidant compounds. Therefore, the difference of diclofenac cytotoxic effects in two culture media suggest that drug cytotoxicity may be related to the oxidative stress

[In vitro study between antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of chlorhexidine and persica mouthrinses]

The use of mouth rinses as antiseptics to prepare surgical site is highly recommended by surgical principles and they are used even after doing surgery. Chlorhexidine has been considered as an effective antibacterial mouth rinse but as its well known side effects are potentially harmful, Persica mouth rinse which is supposed to be as effective as Chlorhexidine with less side effects, due to its herbal origin, was compared with Chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of Chlorhexidine and Persica mouthrinses. In this in vitro experimental study Streptococcus Mutans, Streptococcus Sanguis and Lactobacillus Kasei were exposed to Persica [absolute and 50%] and Chlorhexidine concentrations [0.01% ,0.02% ,0.1% ,0.2%] for 2 ,10 , 30 minutes. The growth of microorganisms were evaluated after 24hr incubation. The human oral carcinoma cell line KB, the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 , the mouse macrophage cell line J774A.1 and human gingival fibroblast cell line MRF were exposed to Persica [0.1% , 0.5% , 1% , 5%] and Chlorhexidine concentrations [0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.03%] for 1 hr. Following drug exposure the cells were washed and cultured for another 48-72 hrs, then, cell growth was assessed by MTT assay. All concentrations of Chlorhexidine prevented the growth of microorganisms but Persica mouthwash had a weak antibacterial effect. Chlorohexidine concentrations of higher than 0.001% had significant cytotoxicity in all cell lines and concentrations of higher than 0.1% of Persica also exerted a very significant cytotoxic effect on all cell lines. Persica mouth rinse is not a reliable antiseptic for preparation of oral cavity prior to oral surgery since it doesn't bear enough antibacterial properties. Both mouth rinses are cytotoxic, so that, using them for wound care, specially for oral wounds which heal by secondary intention is not recommended