Mycobacterium leprae DNA in daily using water as a possible source of leprosy infection.

Some environmental factors were suspected to be sources of leprosy infection according to the results of total survey in the highly endemic villages in Indonesia. M. leprae DNA were detected by PCR from 21 out of 44 water sources used daily by villagers. Prevalence of leprosy among the people using PCR-positive water for bathing and washing was significantly higher than that among the people who used PCR-negative water. No significant difference in prevalence was, however, recognized in case of usage of negative or positive water for drinking. Water was regarded as a reservoir and infectious source of M. leprae. Transmission of leprosy through the contaminated water was strongly suggested by epidemiological analysis.

An epidemiological study on Mycobacterium leprae infection and prevalence of leprosy in endemic villages by molecular biological technique.

One of the most important unsolved questions in epidemiology of leprosy is the highly uneven geographic distribution of the disease. There are many hyperendemic "pockets" in endemic countries. Little is known about the reasons why leprosy is hyperendemic in these areas. We conducted, therefore, a series of epidemiological studies on Mycobacterium leprae infection and prevalence of leprosy in North Maluku district, Maluku Province, Indonesia where leprosy is highly endemic. It was found that considerable number of general inhabitants are seropositive to various mycobacterial antigens and 27% of the villagers were carrying leprosy bacilli on their surface of nasal cavity. These results suggested the importance of M. leprae in the residential environment in infection of the leprosy bacillus and the resulting transmission of the disease. Based on these observations, we conclude that new preventive measures are essential for global elimination of leprosy in addition to early diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT).