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Background. The aim of the study is to analyze the pattern of mandibular fracture in eastern Indian population. Methods: A retrospective study of 92 computed tomographic examination imaging data showing mandibular fractures during the period from January 2016 to June 2019 were retrieved from radiology data storage and was evaluated. Data were analyzed statistically. Result-The study revealed 83 (90.2%) male and 9 (9.8%) female cases with mean age 34.3 and male female ratio 11.8/1. The most common cause of injury was road traffic accident. The most common fracture sites were parasymphyseal location (92%) followed by mandibula body fracture. The mandibular fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. Conclusion: The most common cause of mandibular fracture in eastern Indian population was RTA. The parasymphyseal fracture is the most common type of mandibular fracture.
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Background: Prospective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of orbits in healthy paediatric population is difficult as it involves sedation or general anaesthesia in most of the cases. The data of normal value of healthy paediatric optic nerve and optic nerve sheath diameter is also scant in literatures for Indian paediatric population. The normal data will help in defining abnormal optic nerve such as congenital optic nerve hypoplasia, optic nerve atrophy and distended optic nerve sheath in raised intracranial pressure. AIM: The aim of our retrospective study is to define the normal value of optic nerve and optic nerve sheath diameter in MRI of paediatric Indian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS:190 MRI studies of paediatric brain with normal radiology reports and no history of raised intracranial pressure were retrospectively reviewed by two senior radiologists using T2 weighted axial brain images. RESULT: The mean optic sheath diameter and optic nerve diameter of 380 eye balls were 4.746 and 2.59 mm respectively. The age wise distribution of optic sheath diameter and optic nerve diameter were 4.08±0.019, 2.05±0.608 in 0-2-year age group, 4.83±0.575, 2.54±0.456 in 3-6-year age group, 4.789±0.553, 2.704±0.447 in 7-12-year age group, and 4.82±0.567, 2.65±0.412 in 13-18 years age group in mean (mm)±standard deviations respectively. Three hundred seventy-one (97%) optic sheath measurement of the 380 eye balls was below the threshold of 6 mm and about 352 (92%) optic nerve measurements out of 380 globes were having optic nerve thickness above 2 mm. This normative data will help the ophthalmologist, clinician, neuro-ophthalmologist and radiologists for better quantitative evaluation of pediatric patient with vision abnormality.
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During the efficient genetic transformation of plants with the gene of interest, some selectable marker genes are also used in order to identify the transgenic plant cells or tissues. Usually, antibiotic- or herbicide-selective agents and their corresponding resistance genes are used to introduce economically valuable genes into crop plants. From the biosafety authority and consumer viewpoints, the presence of selectable marker genes in released transgenic crops may be transferred to weeds or pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract or soil, making them resistant to treatment with herbicides or antibiotics, respectively. Sexual crossing also raises the problem of transgene expression because redundancy of transgenes in the genome may trigger homology-dependent gene silencing. The future potential of transgenic technologies for crop improvement depends greatly on our abilities to engineer stable expression of multiple transgenic traits in a predictable fashion and to prevent the transfer of undesirable transgenic material to non-transgenic crops and related species. Therefore, it is now essential to develop an efficient marker-free transgenic system. These considerations underline the development of various approaches designed to facilitate timely elimination of transgenes when their function is no longer needed. Due to the limiting number of available selectable marker genes, in future the stacking of transgenes will be increasingly desirable. The production of marker-free transgenic plants is now a critical requisite for their commercial deployment and also for engineering multiple and complex trait. Here we describe the current technologies to eliminate the selectablemarker genes (SMG) in order to develop marker-free transgenic plants and also discuss the regulation and biosafety concern of genetically modified (GM) crops.