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Background@#The objective of behavioral guidance is to establish effective communication that aligns with a child's requirements to manage disruptive behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Tell-Show-Do and Ask-Tell-Ask techniques in managing dental anxiety in children during their initial appointment. @*Methods@#The study included 50 children (28 boys and 22 girls) without any prior experience between the ages of 7 and 11 at their first dental visit. The children were randomly categorized into two groups: Group 1, Tell Shows Do, and Group 2, Ask-Tell-Ask. Subsequently, all children underwent noninvasive treatment procedures such as restorations, sealants, and oral prophylaxis. Furthermore, behavioral management techniques were employed based on the allocated group. Finally, anxiety levels for all children were assessed using the Raghavendra, Madhuri, and Sujata Pictorial Scale (RMS-PS) and heart rate at three different intervals (before, during, and after). The obtained data were entered into Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. A paired t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to compare the mean and median values of the two groups and determine their effectiveness. @*Results@#Children in the TSD group exhibited statistically significant heart rates and RMS-PS scores in intra-group comparisons. However, children in the ask-tell-ask group showed a significant reduction only in the RMS-PS scores (P < 0.001) but not in the measures used to assess heart rate (P < 0.001). @*Conclusion@#Tell-Show-Do was more effective than ask-tell-ask in alleviating dental anxiety in children. The simultaneous application of these two strategies can synergistically alleviate dental anxiety during a child’s initial dentist appointment.
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Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis for 8 yield contributing traits were studied in multi-parent derived F2 population obtained from crossing 4 commercial hybrids (S-85×IndamRohini) × (Mahyco-701×Indus-1105). For the current study, 285 multi-parent derived F2 plants were used. The study indicated the presence of immense variability for all the traits under study viz, days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and fruit yield per plant. High variability was witnessed due to the higher values of PCV and GCV and large variation in the F2 range for all the traits in comparison with the parental range of all the traits. This might be due to the involvement of the genome constitution from multiple parents. All the characters exhibited high estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance, hence all the characters can be improved through selection. Correlation indicated that yield per plant was significantly and positively associated with average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. Average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant showed the highest positive direct effect on fruit per plant. Direct selection can be executed considering these traits as the main selection criteria to minimize the indirect effect of other traits. The genetic variability displayed in the present study can be well exploited to broaden the genetic base of the crop. Meantime, the efficient use of significant correlation and the relatedness in the commercially target traits can yield fruits of rapid trait improvement in near future.
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Background@#This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of external vibrating devices and counterstimulation on a child's dental anxiety, apprehension, and pain perception during local anesthetic administration. @*Methods@#This was a prospective, randomized, parallel-arm, single-blinded interventional, clinical trial. One hundred children aged 4–11 years, requiring pulp therapy or extraction under local anesthesia (LA), were recruited and allocated equally into two groups (1:1) based on the interventions used: Group BD (n = 50) received vibration using a Buzzy Ⓡ device {MMJ Labs, Atlanta, GE, USA} as a behavior guidance technique; Group CS (n = 50) received counterstimulation for the same technique. Anxiety levels [Venham's Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale (VCARS), Venham Picture Test (VPT), Pulse oximeter {Gibson, Fingertip Pulse Oximeter}, Beijing, China)] were assessed before, during, and after LA administration, while pain perception [Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)] was evaluated immediately after injection. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test to assess the mean difference between the two groups and the repeated measures ANOVA for testing the mean difference in the pulse rates. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. @*Results@#Significant differences in mean pulse rate values were observed in both groups. In contrast, the children in the BD group had higher diminution (P < 0.05), whereas the mean VCARS and VPT scores were conspicuous (P < 0.05). Based on the mean WBFPS and VAS scores, delayed pain perception after LA injection was more prominent in the BD group than in the CS group. @*Conclusion@#External vibration using a BuzzyⓇ device is comparatively better than counterstimulation in alleviating needle-associated anxiety in children requiring extraction and pulpectomy.
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Background@#This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of external vibrating devices and counterstimulation on a child's dental anxiety, apprehension, and pain perception during local anesthetic administration. @*Methods@#This was a prospective, randomized, parallel-arm, single-blinded interventional, clinical trial. One hundred children aged 4–11 years, requiring pulp therapy or extraction under local anesthesia (LA), were recruited and allocated equally into two groups (1:1) based on the interventions used: Group BD (n = 50) received vibration using a Buzzy Ⓡ device {MMJ Labs, Atlanta, GE, USA} as a behavior guidance technique; Group CS (n = 50) received counterstimulation for the same technique. Anxiety levels [Venham's Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale (VCARS), Venham Picture Test (VPT), Pulse oximeter {Gibson, Fingertip Pulse Oximeter}, Beijing, China)] were assessed before, during, and after LA administration, while pain perception [Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)] was evaluated immediately after injection. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test to assess the mean difference between the two groups and the repeated measures ANOVA for testing the mean difference in the pulse rates. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. @*Results@#Significant differences in mean pulse rate values were observed in both groups. In contrast, the children in the BD group had higher diminution (P < 0.05), whereas the mean VCARS and VPT scores were conspicuous (P < 0.05). Based on the mean WBFPS and VAS scores, delayed pain perception after LA injection was more prominent in the BD group than in the CS group. @*Conclusion@#External vibration using a BuzzyⓇ device is comparatively better than counterstimulation in alleviating needle-associated anxiety in children requiring extraction and pulpectomy.
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Background@#This study aimed to determine the efficacy of Physics Forceps in pediatric dental extractions. @*Methods@#This was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial with a parallel-arm design and identical allocation ratio (1:1). Children (n=104) were randomly divided into two groups for extraction of mandibular primary teeth (group I: Physics Forceps; group II: conventional forceps). The outcome variables assessed in the study were the time taken for extraction, pre- and postoperative anxiety (using RMS pictorial scale), incidence of fractured teeth, and postoperative pain on the first and third days (using the Wong-Baker faces pain scale). @*Results@#A significant reduction (P < 0.001) in intraoperative time, anxiety, and incidence of tooth fracture was confined to group I. The pain significantly reduced from the first to the third postoperative day in both groups, but the mean reduction in RMS scores in the physics forceps group was far better than that in the conventional forceps group. @*Conclusion@#Physics Forceps aid in extraction of primary teeth with minimal trauma to supporting structures, as well as reducing anxiety in the pediatric population.
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We wanted to compare & evaluate, regularly used orthodontic materials including adhesives & myofunctional appliances for release of Bisphenol A. MethodsBisphenol - A release was assessed from two materials - orthodontic adhesive resin and heat cure acrylic resin [twin block]. Based on materials used, a total of 40 samples was assigned into two groups; Group A and Group B, each containing 20 samples. For Group A [orthodontic adhesive resin], metal brackets were bonded to 20 bicuspid teeth using adhesive resin and cured with LED light. For group B, 20 twin block appliances made from heat cured acrylic resin were used. Then, samples from both the groups were immersed in artificial saliva and then subjecting to thermal treatment from hot (60 ˚C) to cold (4 ˚C) temperatures, followed by shaking for 5 minutes. The samples were again shaken at (37 ˚C) and 1.0-mL aliquots were removed at 24 hours and 7 days after insertion. Gas chromatography / mass spectroscopy was used for the evaluation of leaching of bisphenol A from artificial saliva. ResultsSignificant results were found after 24 hours of analysis in both groups where 70 % samples from group A had bisphenol A release, whereas 80 % samples from group B had bisphenol A release. However, a non-significant result was obtained after 7 days where 20 % samples from group A had bisphenol A release whereas 60% samples from group B had bisphenol A release. The Heat cure acrylic group showed higher Bisphenol - A than that of orthodontic adhesive resin group. It was seen that the levels were lower than the reference dose which were calculated for daily consumption but were statistically significant. CoclusionsBisphenol A is considered as an endocrine disruptor. Degradation of orthodontic materials results in leaching of Bisphenol-A into oral cavity which is a clinical concern.
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Arthropod bites are a common problem worldwide that are capable of inflicting injury, inciting allergic reactions, and transmitting systemic disease. Members of the Hymenoptera order in particular are of importance as they are nearly ubiquitous in nature and few such as bees, are also used for commercial purposes. These insects have stinging apparatus that deliver venom to the affected tissues during a bite. Hymenopteran venoms contain a mixture of proteins, peptides, and small organic molecules that produce varied effects. Stings from bees, wasps, and ants produce a wide array of clinical manifestations that can be local or systemic. Additionally, these stings may cause life-threatening allergic reactions. Anaphylaxis following a Hymenoptera sting is the most common serious systemic complication. Local reactions can be immediate or delayed. In a few instances, local or disseminated infections have also been reported following bee stings; although very rarely have proved fatal in severe cases. Infection rates are found to be higher in immunodeficiency states. Infections at site of a bee sting can result in the localized pustular lesion with peripheral induration or in severe cases deep necrotizing fascia infection with sepsis and multisystem organ failure. Here we report a case of a bee sting in the upper lip leading to the painful swelling with abscess formation successfully treated with antibiotics, incision, and drainage. Numerous mechanisms for infection in arthropod stings have been described; in our case report, we would like to highlight the importance of timely identification and appropriate management of the infections that may have a significant impact on the overall outcome.
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Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reproductive efficacy of male and female zebrafish following cypermethrin exposure. Methodology: The adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) of both sexes were exposed to cypermethrin at three selected concentrations 0.1, 1.0 and 10 µgl-1 over a period of 21days. After completion of experimental period, the reproductive endpoints such as fecundity, hatchability, testis and ovarian histology and plasma vitellogenin levels were selected and determined in this study. Results: Cypermethrin exposure did not affect the cumulative fecundity rates in experimental fishes over controls. However, cypermethrin at 10 µgl-1 showed a significant reduction in the sperm number in male fishes over control. On the other hand, the same concentration of cypermethrin did not show significant changes in the plasma vitellogenin levels of both male and female fishes over their respective controls. Analysis of testicular and ovarian architectures of male and female zebrafish exposed to cypermethrin at 10 µgl-1 showed no marked differences over controls. In addition, molecular docking studies revealed that the binding energy between the cypermethrin and zebrafish estrogen receptor (zfER) β1 was almost similar to the binding energies exhibited by reference molecules, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol with zfERβ1. Further, binding energies between the ligands (cypermethrin and its metabolites phenoxybenzaldehyde and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid) with zfERα were low as compared to the binding energies between the reference molecules and zfERα. Interpretation: In-vivo studies indicated that cypermethrin at 10µg l-1 leads to spermatotoxicity in zebrafish and in silico analysis showed that the cypermethrin at least in part interfere with the signalling of zfERα.
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xBackground and Objectives: Caregivers of children with intellectually disability experiences high level ofemotional, financial and physical stress. The aim of this study is to assess the risk of depression amongcaregivers of individuals with intellectually disability.Methods: A cross sectional study was done on caregivers of intellectually disabled individuals who hasattended Psychiatry outpatient, Department of Government Medical College. 60 patients diagnosed withID were included by systematic random sampling method. Objective data was collected in a specialproforma. Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess risk of depression among caregivers ofIndividuals with Intellectually Disabled. MS Excel sheet and SPSS were used for data entering and statisticalanalysis.Results: On PHQ-9 scale, 71.7% of caregivers had depression out of which, 26.6% shows minimalsymptoms of depression, 20% had mild depression, while 13.4% had moderately severe depression and 11.6% had major severe depression while 28.3% of caregivers had no depression. Depression was more commonin females (36.6%) than males (35%).Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among caregivers of Individual with intellectually disabled washigher in this study. The risk of depression was higher in female caregivers as compared to male caregivers.
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BACKGROUND: Behavior guidance is a technique used to subdue inappropriate behavior by establishing communication that meets the needs of a child. This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of a mobile app (Little Lovely Dentist) compared to the tell-show-do (TSD) technique in managing anxious children during their first dental visit.METHODS: Fifty children (30 boys and 20 girls) without any past dental experience, aged from 7 to 11 years, were randomly allocated into either the dental app group or the TSD group. The pre- and post-operative anxiety of children who underwent prophylactic cleaning was assessed both physiologically and subjectively using a heart rate measurement and the RMS pictorial scale, respectively.RESULTS: The intragroup comparison of heart rate and RMS scores for children allocated to the dental app group was statistically significant (P value ≤ 0.001). However, a significant reduction only occurred in the RMS scores, but not the heart rate measurements, in the TSD group. Conversely, there was an increase in heart rates in the TSD group.CONCLUSION: Educating the child prior to a dental procedure using a smartphone application such as Little Lovely Dentist can significantly alleviate the anticipatory anxiety and engage children in dental treatment during their first visit.
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Niño , Humanos , Ansiedad , Ansiedad al Tratamiento Odontológico , Odontólogos , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Amor , Aplicaciones Móviles , Teléfono InteligenteRESUMEN
This observational study assessed the feasibility of using pulseoximeter during neonatal resuscitation in 428 term and preterm(32-36 weeks) neonates. The oxygen saturation reading wasobtained by 1-minute in 152 (35.5%) neonates. Preterm neonatesand babies born by LSCS took relatively longer time for firstdetection of saturation.
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Background: Previous studies identified prognostic factors for survival in relapsed pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) who received salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). However, data regarding predictors of poor response to salvage chemotherapy is limited. Methods: We conducted retrospective study in all relapsed HLtreated from January 2003 to December 2013. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify predictors of response to salvage chemotherapy. Cox regression analysis was done to identify prognostic factors for Freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) and overall survival (OS). Results: Forty six patients had relapsed HL. Among 45 patients who received salvage chemotherapy only 34 (73.4%) underwent ASCT. Stage 4 disease (p=0.02) and bulky disease at relapse (p=0.03) were predictors of poor response to salvage chemotherapy. FFTF and OS at 5 yr for entire cohort were 50.1% and 63.3%, respectively, while the same for patients who underwent ASCT were 66.3% and 80.7%, respectively. Among ASCT patients, those who had primary refractory /early relapse [HR-4.7, (95% CI-1, 22); p=0.05] had significant impact on 5 yr FFTF whereas disease status at transplant (CR vs. No CR) had significant impact on 5 yr OS [HR-4.6, (95% CI-1.03, 20.5); p=0.04]. Conclusions: Identification of predictors of poor response to salvage chemotherapy is an unmet need in the management of pediatric HL since complete response (CR) before transplant is independent predictor of survival. Stage 4 and bulky disease at relapse are high risk factors to predict incomplete response. Future trials should explore newer agents for effective salvage for these patients to attain complete response before ASCT.
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Background. Survival of myeloma patients has improved considerably in the past decade. However, limited data are available on their long-term outcome. We analysed the data of 225 consecutive patients who underwent autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) at our centre. Methods. Between April 1990 and December 2013, a total of 225 patients with multiple myeloma (median age 53 years, range 27–67 years, 69.3% men) underwent ASCT. High-dose melphalan 200 mg/m2 was used for conditioning. Before transplant, the patients received induction therapy with novel agents (thalidomide and dexamethasone, or lenalidomide and dexamethasone, or bortezomib and dexamethasone); or vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone; or alkylating agents (vincristine, melphalan, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone; or melphalan and prednisolone). The response to transplant was evaluated using the European Bone Marrow Transplant criteria, and an intention-to-treat analysis was done. Results. Four-fifths (79.6%) of our patients had Durie Salmon Stage (DSS) IIIA and nearly a quarter (24%) of them had International Stage III disease. Before the transplant, 80.4% of patients had chemosensitive disease. The median interval from diagnosis to transplant was 10 months (range 2–128 months). Following ASCT, 197 (87.5%) patients responded. Complete response was obtained in 54.7%, very good partial response in 19% and partial response in 13.8%. At a median follow-up of 90 months (range 18–266 months), the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 32 and 85.5 months, respectively. The estimated PFS and OS at 10 years were 29.7% and 43.6%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the presence of extramedullary disease (HR 3.05, p<0.001), and ISS III (HR 0.50, p<0.02)
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Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly common metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with dyslipidemia and an increased percentage of glycated hemoglobin. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for cardiovascular complications. Objective: To assess the relationship between glycemic control (as reflected by glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c) and serum lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients were selected from those attending Diabetes Mellitus Clinic, Seventeenth of February Teaching Hospital, Al- Baida as outpatients. The subjects were divided into 3 groups such as group I as the control group, group II as the diabetic group with all related complications excluded and group III as those with type 2 DM with atleast cardiovascular event in the last two years considered as cardiovascular complication of DM. Blood samples were collected from all the subjects and tested for glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol using authenticated reagents kits on an auto analyzer. LDL cholesterol was calculated using Friedwald’s formula. Results: The levels of glycated hemoglobin (p<0.0001), fasting glucose level (p<0.0001) and triglycerides (p<0.0001), were significantly raised and HDL cholesterol (p<0.0001) is found to have significantly decreased in diabetic patients with or without cardiovascular complications. In those patients with diabetic complications, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly raised and high density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased when compared to control subjects. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed significant positive correlation between glycated hemoglobin with the levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in both control and diabetic groups with or without complications. Glycated hemoglobin level was significant and positively correlated with total cholesterol and triglycerides in type 2 DM.
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Short Rib Polydactyly Syndrome (SRPS) type II also known as Majewski syndrome, is the rarest of the four subtypes of SRPS which is a rare inherited skeletal dysplasia. We report a case of Majewski syndrome in a neonate with brief review of literature. A 24 years old primigravida, with history of second degree consanguineous marriage underwent a Prenatal USG which revealed anhydramnios, bilateral enlarged kidneys, extremely narrow thorax and bilateral short limbs with polydactyly. Based on these findings a probable diagnosis of lethal skeletal dysplasia was made and termination of pregnancy advised. Refusing termination the mother delivered a male foetus at 30 weeks with severe respiratory distress and gross anomalies. The foetus succumbed to respiratory failure inspite of resuscitation. Gross findings were a male foetus with enlarged head, hydropic face, hypertelorism, short nose, depressed nasal bridge, pseudo cleft lip, cleft palate, low set posterior rotated ears, cystic hygroma, micrognathia, short and narrow chest, all the limbs showed mesomelic limb shortening, postaxial polydactyly, syndactyly and brachydactyly. Postnatal X-ray, CT scan and USG confirmed the above mentioned features and additional findings were extremely short horizontal ribs and disproportionately shortened ovoid tibia. Autopsy revealed a bell shaped thorax, small hypoplastic lungs, bilateral enlarged kidneys, atrial septal defect, hypoplastic epiglottis and larynx and short small intestine. Microscopic findings of pulmonary hypoplasia, renal cystic dysplasia, hepatic fibrosis and markedly retarded endochondral ossification correlate with the clinical, radiological and pathological findings of Short Rib Polydactyly Syndrome Type II -Majewski Syndrome.
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India is estimated to have the highest snakebite mortality in the world. Most fatalities are due to delay in getting the defnitive treat ment. Most snakebites are inficted on the lower limbs of farmers, plantation workers, herdsmen, and hunters in rural areas. The viper is one of India’s most commonly encoun tered poisonous snakes and envenomation following viper bite usually leads to consumption coagulopathy. Clinical characteristics include cellulites, renal failure, hemorrhagic manifestations including pituitary and intracranial hemorrhage. In the setting of viper envenomation, large-vessel thrombosis is a very rare occurrence. Also, bilateral anterior cerebral artery infarction, when unrelated to anatomical abnormalities, surgery or trauma, itself is an exceedingly rare event. The following case is an unusual one of bilateral cerebral infarction in ACA territory in an otherwise healthy individual.
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The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of the airborne poultry dust (particulate matter, PM)-induced respiratory tract inflammation, a common symptom in agricultural respiratory diseases. The study was based on the hypothesis that poultry PM would induce the release of inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) by respiratory epithelial cells under the upstream regulation by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activation and subsequent formation of cyclooxygenase (COX)- and lipoxygenase (LOX)-catalyzed arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites (eicosanoids). Human lung epithelial cells (A549) in culture were treated with the poultry PM (0.1-1.0 mg) for different lengths of time, following which PLA2 activity, release of eicosanoids and secretion of IL-8 in cells were determined. Poultry PM (1.0 mg/ml) caused a significant activation of PLA2 in a time-dependent manner (15-60 min), which was significantly attenuated by the calcium-chelating agents, cPLA2-specific inhibitor (AACOCF3) and antioxidant (vitamin C) in A549 cells. Poultry PM also significantly induced the release of COX- and LOX-catalyzed eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes B4 and C4) and upstream activation of AA LOX in the cells. Poultry PM also significantly induced release of IL-8 by the cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was significantly attenuated by the calcium chelating agents, antioxidants and COX- and LOX-specific inhibitors. The current study for the first time revealed that the poultry PM-induced IL-8 release from the respiratory epithelial cells was regulated upstream by reactive oxygen species, cPLA2-, COX- and LOX-derived eicosanoid lipid signal mediators.
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Agricultura , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ácido Araquidónico/metabolismo , Ácido Araquidónico/metabolismo , Biocatálisis , Línea Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ácido Egtácico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Egtácico/farmacología , Eicosanoides/metabolismo , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Humanos , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Lipooxigenasas/metabolismo , Material Particulado/química , Material Particulado/farmacología , Fosfolipasas A2 Citosólicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fosfolipasas A2 Citosólicas/metabolismo , Aves de Corral , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratoria/citología , Mucosa Respiratoria/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratoria/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Solventes/química , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare, highly aggressive malignant neoplasm that arises from the collecting duct epithelium of the kidney. It generally pursues a more aggressive course than conventional renal cell carcinoma. The average age is approximately 53 years. These are large tumors commonly located in medulla or central part of kidney with extension into perinephric fat and invasion into renal pelvis. Microscopically, they show combined tubulo-papillary, microcystic and solid growth pattern; cells are highly atypical with a basophilic or eosinophilic cytoplasm and polymorphic nuclei, often of the hobnail type. Stromal desmoplasia and dysplastic changes in the neighbouring medullary renal tubules are often associated. Their biologic behaviour is mostly aggressive with a high rate of local, lymphatic and haematogenous spread at the times of diagnosis and a poor long-term prognosis.
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The use of cyclodextrins as tools to establish the role of cholesterol rafts in cellular functions has become a widely accepted procedure. However, the adverse effects of cyclodextrins as the cholesterol-depleting agents on cellular structure and functions are not reported in detail. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the membrane-perturbing actions and cytotoxicity of the two widely used cellular cholesterol-depleting cyclodextrins methyl-b-cyclodextrin (MbCD) and hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin (HPCD) in our well-established bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell (BPAEC) in vitro model system. BPAECs treated with different concentrations of MβCD and HPCD (2% and 5%, wt/vol.) for 15-180 min showed significant loss of membrane cholesterol, cytotoxicity, cell morphology alterations, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, alterations in cellular proteins and membrane fatty acid composition, and decrease in trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TER). MbCD induced a marked loss of cellular proteins, as compared to that caused by HPCD under identical conditions. More noticeably, MbCD caused a drastic loss of membrane lipid fatty acids in BPAECs, as compared to HPCD which failed to cause such alteration. Removal of cholesterol by cyclodextrin (especially MβCD) treatment apparently caused loss of fluidity of the cell membrane and leakage of vital cellular molecules including proteins and fatty acids, and thus caused cytotoxicity and loss of cell morphology in BPAECs. Replenishment of cells with cholesterol following its depletion by MbCD treatment significantly attenuated the depletion of cellular cholesterol, cytotoxicity and morphological alterations in BPAECs, indicating the importance of membrane cholesterol in vascular EC integrity. Also, the current study offered a safer method of cholesterol removal from membranes and lipid rafts by HPCD, suggesting its use in studies to investigate the role of lipid raft-associated cholesterol in cellular functions.