Evaluation and management of urolithiasis

Urolithiasis affect up to 5% of population with a lifetime risk of passing a kidney stone of about 8-10%. Once a kidney stone forms, the probability of recurrence within five to seven years is approximately 50%. In recent years, technological advancements have greatly facilitated the diagnosis of stone disease. Management is based on the following key concepts: 1. Recognition of indications for emergency consultation. 2. Provision of effective pain control. 3. Understanding of the impact of stone location and size on natural history and definitive urological management, and 4. Prevention of recurrent urolithiasis. Family physicians should be familiarized with recent advances in diagnosis and initial management and prevention of recurrent urolithiasis

Adult immunization

Vaccinations are an important tool in disease prevention. Adults may require vaccines based on age, occupation, disease, lifestyle or health condition. Immunization of at-risk adults can substantially decrease morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the recommendations for immunization of adults with Tetanus and diphtheria [Td], Hepatitis B, Measles, Mumps and Rubella [MMR], Influenza, Pneumococcal, Varicella, Typhoid, Hepatitis A and Meningococcal vaccines