Enhancement in spatial and recognition memory functions following long term oral administration of ginger extract in rats

Ginger [Zingiber Officinale] is known over the centuries for its medicinal properties and has been used worldwide as health supplement and for treatment of several diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of whole ginger extract administration on spatial and recognition memory using experimental animal models. The antimicrobial properties of ginger extract against various pathogenic fungal and bacterial species were also examined. Aqueous extract of ginger at a dose of 500 mg/kg was orally administered to test rats and water was orally given to control rats for 6 weeks. Water Maze task [WM] was used to assess spatial memory and recognition memory of rats was evaluated by the Novel Object Recognition [NOR] task. Time spent with novel object was significantly increased in ginger treated rats as compared to control animals in novel object recognition task exhibiting enhanced recognition memory in ginger treated rats. Ginger treated rats exhibited significantly enhanced both short term memory and long term memory as evidenced by decrease in time to reach the hidden platform Ih and 24 h after training as compared to control rats. Short term memory functions of ginger treated rats were more enhanced than long term memory functions. Our findings suggest that ginger consumption may lead to an improvement in spatial and recognition memory. Significant activity of aqueous ginger extract was observed against pathogenic bacteria as well as fungal species. It is therefore suggested in this study that ginger extract can be used in microbial infections and as a memory enhancing drug in various memory disorders

To explore the relationship and difference of life satisfaction and emotional expressivity among adolescence in joint and nuclear family

Objectives: The aim of present study is to investigate and examine the relationship of emotional expressivity and life satisfaction between male and female. Further, the study also examines gender differences of perceived life satisfaction and emotional expressivity and comparison between nuclear and joint family system among the respondents were also investigated Sample of the study consisted of n=30 of early adult, aged 19-25 drawn from university in Faisalabad. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The sample was taken from GC University and different areas of Faisalabad. The duration of study was from August 2015 to November2015

Methodology: The Diner's Life Satisfaction Scale and The Ann M. Kring, David A Smith and John M. Neale Emotional Expressivity Scale used to check out the effect of emotion in this study. The results indicated that there would be significant relationship on emotional expressivity and Life satisfaction between male and females. We used correlation research design. Use of SPSS to find the results. The study result that is based on small sample can be generalized on large population which can build positive approach in people toward their future life

Results: In this study used the correlation research design for measuring in which degree the both variables are correlate to each. Otherwise study consisted on a sample of N= 30 participants which are divided in sub sample n= 15 male and n= 15 female. In this study used SPSS 3[rd] version for analysis the result and collection on data. Results shows that there was positive relationship between expressivity and life satisfaction [r= .522* with M= 60.42 and SD= 11.85] for emotional expressivity scale and M= 60.12 and SD= 11.20 for life satisfaction scale] therefore, the hypothesis was accepted which states that expressivity is positively related with life satisfaction while there was no difference in the level of life satisfaction and emotional expressivity between the two sexes

Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded from the above discussion that is positive relationship between life satisfaction and emotional expressivity. It also concludes that male and female are living in same environment they both are equal on life satisfaction and Expressivity of emotions. The environmental factors are equally affected on their life satisfaction and Expressivity of emotions

To measure the level of depression among working and non working married women

Objective: the aime of present study is to investigate and examine the perceived level of depression among working and non-working married women. Sample of the study consisted of 50 working married women and 50 non-working married women. It holds great significance to understand the difference of level of depression among working and non-working women in order to identify the causes and make endeavors to rectify these causes

Study Design: cross sectional study. Placed Duration of Study: The sample was taken from MHT hospital, Lahore Grammar School and different areas of Faisalabad. The duration of study was from November 2014 to April 2015. The investigation was to examine the perceived level of depression among working and non working women. It holds great significance to understand the difference of the level of depression among working and non working women in order to identify the causes and make endeavors to rectify these causes BDI Scale was administered individually on a sample of N=100 women' n= 50 working and n=50 non-working women from MTH hospital, Lahore grammar school and different areas of Faisalabad. Oral as well as written information was given to the participant

Results: results presented in the table indicate that there is highly significant correlation between the two measures. The table also suggests that the correlation of BDI [Beck Depression Inventory] [t=2.30,df=148 **p<.001]. It indicates that if depression is high in working married women then non- working married women. Our hypothesis regarding this relationship is supported, which implies that higher the depression in working married women then non-working women

Conclusion: thus, it can be concluded from the above discussion that there are differences in the western countries and Pakistani regarding depression. The findings of the study indicate that working married women have to face more difficulties in their lives like they experienced more depression as compared to non-working married women. It concludes that on some aspects working married women cannot contribute significantly for the well being of their family. Their attention diverted because of working in two situations. They cannot give proper attention to their marital lives and this causes depression