Corrientes educativas que han permeado la formación de enfermería en la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia / Educational fl ows that have permeated the nursing education in the National School of Nursing and Midwifery

Este artículo presenta una revisión de los modelos pedagógicos que tradicionalmente se han usado en la formación del profesional de enfermería de la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) y también presenta cómo esos modelos han infl uido en las características del ejercicio de la profesión. El modelo enseñanza-aprendizaje se ha venido presentando en diversas modalidades, como la tradicionalista, la conductista y actualmente, se pretende que sea constructivista. Finalmente se puede concluir en el presente escrito que a través de la historia de la enfermería se puede observar que el patrón curricular está orientado al desarrollo de habilidades manuales y procedimentales en los que los alumnos, desde el nivel preescolar hasta el superior, conservan un enfoque educativo tradicional con el que se ha formado la mayor parte del personal de la salud. Consecuentemente este modelo educativo genera la pasividad del alumno resaltando la autoridad y el poder del profesor como poseedor del conocimiento

This article presents a review of pedagogical models that traditionally have been used in professional formation of nurses from the National School of Nursing and Midwifery (ENEO) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and how these models have infl uenced the characteristics of the practice of the profession the teaching learning model has been presented in different modalities, such as traditionalist, behavioral and currently intended to be constructive. Finally it can be concluded in this paper is that through the history of nursing can be seen that the curricular pattern is oriented to the development of manuals and procedural skills, where students from preschool to upper retain a traditional educational approach which has trained the majority of the health care personnel. Consequently this educational model generates student passivity highlighting the power and authority of the teacher as the possessor of knowledge

Aspectos socioculturales que influyen en los accidentes laborales en los trabajadores de la salud de la salud / Socio-cultural aspects that influence in occupational accidents in health care workers

Los accidentes laborales son todos aquellos estados patológicos derivados de la acción continua de una causa que tenga su origen en el trabajo o en el medio en que se desarrolla el mismo. La industrialización y el modelo económico que ha venido imperando en el mundo, ha traído aparejadas las mejoras en la producción de bienes y servicios, lo que permitió a las poblaciones un acceso más fácil a ellos, pero también trajo consecuencias sociales como la pobreza, el desempleo y la precarización del trabajo, lo que ha impactado de forma muy negativa en la salud de los trabajadores, incrementando el número de accidentados y enfermedades ocupacionales. Todo este panorama en el que se encuentran sumergidos los trabajadores de la salud, donde el desarrollo tecnológico alcanzado y las condiciones del medio ambiente, en general, han modificado su entorno laboral y, por consiguiente, su adaptación en el que los peligros o factores de riesgo en el trabajo se han transformado ocasionando agravios en su salud, se desarrollará en el presente ensayo

Work accidents are those pathological conditions resulting from continued action of a cause that has its origin in the work or in the environment in which it develops. Industrialization and economic model that has prevailed in the world brought about improvements in the production of goods and services that allowed people easier access to them but also brought social consequences such as poverty, unemployment, job insecurity, that has impacted very negatively on the health of workers by increasing the number of accidents and occupational diseases. This panorama which is submerged health care workers where technological development achieved and the conditions of the general environment have modified their work environment and, therefore, its adaptation where hazards or risk factors in the work have transformed causing health grievances will be developed in this essay

Infecciones nosocomiales en un hospital de pacientes neurológicos, análisis de 10 años / Nosocomial infections at a neurologic hospital, analysis of 10 years]

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of 10 years of nosocomial infection (NI) surveillance at a neurological center and evaluate the impact of control measures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study was performed at a reference center for adult neurologic and neurosurgical patients located in Mexico City. Between 1990 and 2000, the number, site and type of NI were registered. Chi Square test was employed for statistical analysis of numerical data. RESULTS: Mean NI rate observed was 21 episodes per 100 discharges, with a 40 reduction during the period. Predominant NI were urinary tract infections (36), lower respiratory tract infections (31), phlebitis (9), primary bacteremia (7), surgical wound infections (7), and pneumonia (4). Control measures with a definite impact were organization of intravenous therapy teams with reduction in bacteremia (p = 0.009). Changes in preoperative care, hair clipping instead of shaving, clorhexidine shampoo, and technique of long tunneled ventriculostomy with a 57 reduction (p = 0.00006) in infections related with neurosurgical procedures. The increase in staff and equipment renewal of the respiratory therapy service decreased respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS: The measures that reduced our NI rate may be useful in other centers for neurologic patients.