Integración de Inputs Positivos y Negativos en Juicios Psicofísicos de Equidad / Integration of Positive and Negative Inputs in Equity Psychophysical Judgements

Resumen Los modelos de equidad han predicho adecuadamente las ganancias monetarias entre dos empleados hipotéticos que difieren en méritos, sin embargo, han sido incapaces de predecir pérdidas monetarias y condiciones de n>2; se propone la Ecuación General de Distribución de Recursos En Equidad (Función de Equidad) para superar dichas limitantes por lo que el objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en evaluar la generalidad de la Función de Equidad en contextos de pérdidas y ganancias. Participaron voluntariamente 30 estudiantes universitarios de los cuales el 65% fueron mujeres tenían 19.87 años (DE=1.23). En 18 escenarios hipotéticos de acuerdo con un diseño de medidas repetidas (3 niveles de mérito de A) X 3 (niveles de mérito de B) x 2 (Ganancias y Pérdidas) los participantes asignaron montos en ganancias y pérdidas monetarias. Se encontraron reglas de integración aditiva en el campo de las ganancias e indicios de reglas de integración multiplicativa en el campo de las pérdidas. La Ecuación General de Distribución de Recursos en Equidad predice adecuadamente los montos en ganancias y pérdidas. Los datos se discuten a la luz de la Teoría de Integración de Información y las Ciencias Cognitivas y del Comportamiento.

Abstract Equity models properly predict monetary outcomes between two hypothetical employees who differ in inputs; however, they have been unable to predict monetary losses and conditions of n> 2; General Equation of Equity Resource Allocation (Equity Function) is proposed to overcome these limitations, so the aim of this work was to evaluate the generality of the Equity Function in gains and losses contexts. A non-probabilistic factorial design with convenience sampling was used. Sample size was calculated from the desired effect size, the final sample was made up of 30 university students of which 65% were women who were 19.87 years old (SD = 1.23). A hypothetical task of resource allocation was proposed to employees who differ in their levels of merits, in which throughout 18 scenarios according to a repeated measures design (3 levels of merits of A) X 3 (levels of merits of B) x 2 (Gains and Losses) the participants assigned amounts in monetary gains and losses. Data was analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA, the effect size calculation using the Partial Square Eta parameter and the simple linear regression analysis of each curve were performed to obtain the slope of each line. In the context of gains, main effects of employee A and B were found, no interaction effects were found. In the context of losses, main effects of employee A and B were contrasted, as well as interaction effects. Robust effect sizes were found for all factors. Analysis of regression equations slopes shows that the loss amounts were larger than the gains amounts. Additive integration rules were found in the field of gains and indications of multiplicative integration rules in the field of losses. The General Equation of Equity Resource Allocation adequately predicts the amounts of gains and losses, being more precise in the field of gains compared to losses. According from these results, it is proposed that cognitive process of assigning a gain is different from those of assigning a loss. Limitations and alternative courses of action were raised.

Juicios de equidad: efectos de contexto en ganancias y pérdidas / Equity Judgments: Context Effects in Gains and Losses

Background: Previous studies have evaluated mathematical models of equity judgments of two hypothetical employees with distinct merits. They found that the model of proportionality adequately described the data based on an algebraic additive rule of information integration. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidence concerning the effect of a context of monetary losses on the rules of information integration. Objective: To assess the effect of monetary gains and losses on equity judgments, and the effect of the personal context in which the participants are involved in decision-making. Method: A repeated measures design with within-subjects factors was utilized: 7 levels of A's merit x 5 levels of B's merit x 2 contexts (gains and losses) x 2 between-subject factors (third-party allocation and self-allocation). Results: Statistically significant differences appeared between third-party allocation and self-allocation conditions for gains [F (1,38) = 216.18, p < .001, η2 = .85] and losses [F (1,38) = 110.45, p < .001, η2 = .71]. Conclusions: The additive rules of integration appeared in the gains scenario while the subtractive rules together with an aversion to inequity were observed in the losses context. Keywords: information integration theory; equity judgments; social psychophysics; monetary gains; monetary losses.

Antecedentes: estudios previos evaluaron modelos matemáticos sobre juicios de equidad en dos empleados hipotéticos que diferían en sus niveles de mérito. Estos encontraron que el modelo de proporcionalidad describía adecuadamente los datos basándose en una regla algebraica aditiva de integración de información. Sin embargo, existe una falta de evidencia sobre el efecto del contexto de las pérdidas monetarias sobre las reglas de integración de información. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del contexto de ganancias y pérdidas monetarias sobre los juicios de equidad, y el efecto del contexto personal en donde el participante se ve involucrado en la toma de decisiones. Método: se empleó un diseño de medidas repetidas con los factores intrasujeto: 7 niveles de mérito de A x 5 niveles de mérito de B x 2 contextos (ganancias y pérdidas) x 2 factores intersujeto (distribución a terceros y distribución propia). Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las condiciones de asignación a terceros y asignación propia en relación con las ganancias [F (1,38) = 216.18, p < .001, η2 = .85] y pérdidas [F (1,38) = 110.45, p < 0.001, η2 = .71]. Conclusiones: las reglas aditivas de integración aparecieron en el contexto de las ganancias, mientras que las reglas sustractivas, así como aversión a la inequidad, se observaron en el contexto de las pérdidas. Palabras clave: teoría de integración de información; juicios de equidad; psicofísica social; ganancias monetarias; pérdidas monetarias.