Food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender during the COVID-19 lockdown in Chilean workers / Patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos según género durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 en trabajadores chilenos

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demands that workers face regarding household food-related tasks, such as grocery shopping and cooking. The literature shows that there are differences in these demands by gender, but also based on other sociodemographic characteristics, such as schooling level. The aim of this study was to compare food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender in Chilean workers, before the COVID-19 lockdown and during the first six weeks of lockdown. The study was cross-sectional, and data was collected for the first wave of a multi-country study in April 2020. The sample was composed of 317 participants who were employed during lockdown (67.8% women, mean age of 38.14). Participants answered sociodemographic questions and reported their food purchasing and preparing practices before and during lockdown. Analysis of comparison of proportions was used. On average, during lockdown, men increased their involvement in grocery shopping while women cooked more. Overall, female workers have turned to food-related tasks more often during the pandemic than male workers. This study shows the extent to which workers have changed their degree of involvement in food-related tasks, accounting for conditions such as gender roles, schooling level and working from home. These findings can inform interventions and policies that reinforce advantageous changes brought on by lockdown measures (e.g., home-cooking) to contribute to workers' and their families' food-related well-being during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 ha aumentado las demandas que enfrentan los trabajadores con respecto a su alimentación, como comprar alimentos y cocinar. Estudios muestran diferencias de género en estas demandas, pero también según características sociodemográficas como el nivel de escolaridad. Este estudio comparó patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos por género en trabajadores chilenos, antes y durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Este estudio es de corte transversal y utilizó datos de la primera ola de un estudio multinacional realizado en abril de 2020. La muestra fue 317 participantes que tenían trabajo durante el confinamiento (67.8 % mujeres, edad promedio de 38.14). Los participantes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas y reportaron sus prácticas de compra y preparación de alimentos antes y durante el confinamiento. Se utilizó el análisis de comparación de proporciones. Durante el confinamiento, los hombres realizaron más compras de alimentos y las mujeres cocinaron más. Las mujeres se dedicaron a tareas relacionadas con la alimentación con más frecuencia durante la pandemia que los hombres. Este estudio muestra que personas trabajadoras han cambiado su nivel de involucramiento en tareas de alimentación durante la pandemia, tomando en cuenta condiciones como los roles de género, escolaridad y teletrabajo. Estos hallazgos pueden guiar intervenciones y políticas que refuercen ventajas derivadas de las medidas de confinamiento (e.g., cocinar en casa), para contribuir al bienestar alimentario de personas trabajadoras y sus familias durante y después de la pandemia.

Conflicto trabajo-familia, síntomas emocionales negativosy satisfacción familiar en mujeres con trabajo remunerado durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Introducción: Durante la pandemia por COVID-19 las medidas de contención implementadas a nivel mundial han transformado la vida familiar y la forma de trabajar de las mujeres, profundizando desigualdades preexistentes tanto en el trabajo como en la familia. Método: Mediante ecuaciones estructurales se exploraron las relaciones entre el conflicto trabajo-familia, los síntomas emocionales negativos y la satisfacción familiar en mujeres de familias con doble ingreso. Se administraron cuestionarios a 430 mujeres que trabajaban de forma remunerada con al menos un hijo adolescente en Rancagua, Chile, quienes respondieron las dimensiones conflicto del trabajo a la familia y conflicto de la familia al trabajo de la Escala Interfaz Trabajo Familia; la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21); y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar. Resultados: El conflicto trabajo-familia, en ambas direcciones, se asoció positivamente con síntomas emocionales negativos, los cuales, a su vez, se relacionaron negativamente con la satisfacción familiar. El conflicto de la familia al trabajo se relacionó negativamente de forma directa con la satisfacción familiar, mientras que los síntomas emocionales negativos mostraron un rol mediador entre el conflicto trabajo-familia y la satisfacción familiar. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que, para mejorar la satisfacción familiar en situaciones de crisis, son necesarias intervenciones para mitigar las demandas laborales y familiares, así como reducir emociones negativas como depresión, ansiedad y estrés en mujeres madres que trabajan con remuneración.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, containment measures implemented worldwide have transformed family life and women's way of working, deepening pre-existing inequalities both at work and in the family. Method: Structural Equations were used to explore the relationships between work-family conflict, negative emotional symptoms and family satisfaction in women from dual-income families. Questionnaires were administered to 430 women with paid work with at least one adolescent child in Rancagua, Chile, who responded to the work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict dimensions of the Work-Family Interface Scale; the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale. Results: The work-family conflict, in both directions, was positively associated with negative emotional symptoms, which, in turn, were negatively related to family satisfaction. Family-to-work conflict was directly negatively related to family satisfaction, while negative emotional symptoms showed a mediating role between work-family conflict and family satisfaction. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, to improve family satisfaction in crisis situations, interventions are needed to mitigate work and family demands, as well as to ameliorate negative emotions such as depression, anxiety and stress in women with paid work.

Una aproximación a la satisfacción con la alimentación en familias monoparentales con jefatura femenina / An approach to satisfaction with food-related life in female-headed single parent households

Resumen 1Los hogares monoparentales se ven enfrentados a compatibilizar la generación de ingresos con las tareas de cuidado en el hogar, como la alimentación familiar, la cual se configura como un dominio clave en el bienestar. Es por ello, que el objetivo de este estudio buscó explorar los significados acerca de la satisfacción con la alimentación que tienen madres e hijos de familias monoparentales con jefatura femenina. A partir de un estudio de caso de método mixto, mediante la participación de 47 familias monoparentales de jefatura femenina, tanto madres como hijos adolescentes, cuyas edades fluctuaban entre 10 y 17 años de edad, completaron individualmente una tarea de asociación de palabras con "estar satisfecho con mi alimentación" y una tarea de finalización de palabras con "estaría más satisfecho con mi alimentación si...". Los resultados evidenciaron que los significados de la satisfacción con la alimentación son atribuibles a la conceptualización formal del constructo y que no existiría diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las respuestas dadas por madres e hijos, en base a los determinantes de comportamiento en la alimentación. Así se concluyó que las similitudes en los significados, en torno a los determinantes que se identifican con la satisfacción con la alimentación y con los aspectos que podrían aumentarla, permiten constatar la influencia de la familia en las construcciones y significados que forman parte de la identidad individual y cultural de los adolescentes, lo cual se convierte en un insumo necesario para el diseño de prácticas y estrategias que propicien una mayor satisfacción con la alimentación.

Abstract Numerous female-headed single parent households face increased pressure when attempting to balance income generation with household responsibilities, such as family nutrition, which is critical given its greater influence on children's nutrition and diet quality (Hebestreit et al., 2017). This situation is critical in light of the fact that food is positioned as a critical domain of human well-being (Schnettler et al., 2014, 2017; Denegri et al., 2014, 2016). Satisfaction with food-related life is conceptualized as an individual's global cognitive evaluation of his or her diet (Grunert, Dean, Raats, Nielsen, y Lumbers, 2007); its formal definition is connected to other facets of life such as health, family, and social relationships (Grunert et al., 2007). According to the literature, satisfaction with food-related life is defined in terms of three primary determinants of eating behavior: the food consumed, the individual, and the diet's context (Köster, 2009). The purpose of this study is to contribute to our understanding of female-headed single-parent families and their meanings by examining the importance placed on the family as the first social space in which people construct and shape their social representations in various spheres of daily life (Moscovici, 1984). The overall objective is to investigate the meanings of satisfaction with food-related life for mothers and adolescent children in female-headed single-parent families. The specific objectives are to i) define the semantic entities of food satisfaction in relation to mothers and adolescent children, ii) identify factors that contribute to mothers' and adolescent children's food satisfaction, and iii) compare how mothers and adolescent children perceive their food satisfaction and the factors that contribute to it increasing. To accomplish these goals, a mixed case study research design was used. This entails combining quantitative and qualitative research methods in order to gain a better understanding of the research issues (Cresswell y Plano Clark, 2011). A total of 47 Chilean single-parent families with a female head of household participated in this study. It consists of a fee-paying mother that has at least one adolescent child between the ages of 10 and 17. The data collection method was an interview developed and tested in the Chilean population by Schnettler et al. (2020), based on a projective technique (Mesas y Escribano, 2018), in which mothers and adolescent children individually responded to the first words, terms, or phrases associated with the expression "being satisfied with my food-related life" with the goal of determining the meaning of satisfaction with food-related life. They were then asked to complete the sentence "I would be more satisfied with my food-related life if...". In order to identify factors that could improve their satisfaction with food-related life. The data was textually analyzed by segmenting and coding it. Subsequently, by establishing conceptual relationships, categories and supracategories were generated deductively (Krippendorff, 2004). Following that, the information expressed in the results and plotted in frequency tables is synthesized and interpreted. The Chi-square test was used to compare mothers' and adolescent children's responses (Agresti, 1990). In conclusion, the findings indicate that the meanings of satisfaction with food-related life can be ascribed to the construct's formal conceptualization. Thus, this study provides evidence that the construct is valid. There were also similarities in the meanings of mothers and adolescent children when it came to the determinants associated with food satisfaction, as well as the factors that could increase their satisfaction with food-related life. This finding is critical for establishing the family's influence on the constructs and meanings associated with adolescents' cultural identities.

Relaciones directas e indirectas entre apoyo familiar, comidas familiares, satisfacción familiar y vital en trabajadores / Direct and indirect relations between family support, family meals, family and life satisfaction in workers

Resumen Introducción: Para las personas con trabajo remunerado, la familia es una fuente importante de recursos psicológicos que contribuyen a su bienestar. Se hipotetiza que el apoyo familiar es un factor protector de la satisfacción vital de la persona, de modo directo y a través de otras variables como las comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la vida familiar. En ese sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el papel mediador en serie de la atmósfera de las comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la vida familiar en la relación entre el apoyo familiar y la satisfacción con la vida, en mujeres y hombres con trabajos remunerados. Método: Se aplicó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social Percibido, Escala Atmósfera de las Comidas Familiares y Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar, a una muestra de 236 mujeres y 236 hombres con trabajo remunerado en Temuco, Chile. El análisis estadístico consideró un modelo de mediación en serie con un Intervalo de Confianza del 95%. Resultados: El apoyo familiar y la satisfacción con la vida correlacionaron de forma directa y estadísticamente significativa. Además, se obtuvo un efecto indirecto significativo de la atmósfera de las comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la vida familiar, en la relación entre el apoyo familiar y la satisfacción con la vida. La atmósfera de las comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la vida familiar son mediadores en serie en la relación entre el apoyo familiar y la satisfacción con la vida, en este grupo de trabajadores. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que variables asociadas a la familia y a aspectos sociales de la alimentación influyen positivamente en la satisfacción vital de los trabajadores.

Abstract Introduction: For workers, family is an important source of psychological resources that contribute to the individual's well-being. It is hypothesized that family support is a protective factor of the person's life satisfaction, directly and through other variables such as family meals and satisfaction with family life. In this regard, the aim of this study was to examine the serial mediating role of the atmosphere of family meals and satisfaction with family life in the relationship between family support and satisfaction with life, in women and men with paid jobs. Method: The Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (family subscale), a measure of Atmosphere Scale of Family Meals and the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale were administered to a sample of 236 women and 236 men with paid jobs in Temuco, Chile. The statistical analysis considered a serial mediation model with a 95% Confidence Interval. Results: Family support and satisfaction with life significantly correlated with one another. In addition, a significant indirect effect of the atmosphere of family meals and satisfaction with family life was obtained in the relationship between family support and life satisfaction. The atmosphere of family meals and satisfaction with family life are serial mediators in the relationship between family support and life satisfaction in this group of workers. Conclusions: Results suggest that variables related to the family domain and to social aspects of food consumption have a positive impact in workers' life satisfaction.

Factores que determinan la elección de alimentos procesados por estudiantes universitarios en el contexto de las etiquetas de advertencia nutricional

Las etiquetas de advertencia nutricional (EAN) informan a los estudiantes acerca de los alimentos procesados que exceden los niveles de nutrientes críticos. Sin embargo, aún es escasa la evidencia cómo funcionan las EAN en las decisiones alimentarias. El objetivo de esta investigación fue relacionar el efecto de las EAN en la toma de decisiones de alimentación de estudiantes universitarios, considerando los constructos de la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TCP), carrera de formación y variables sociodemográficas. A través de un muestreo no probabilístico se entrevistaron a 384 estudiantes universitarios. El cuestionario incluyó los factores de la TCP, correspondiente a las actitud, norma subjetiva, control percibido e intención de evitar la compra de alimentos procesados con EAN, más las carreras de formación y variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados del análisis factorial y regresión múltiple identificaron los determinantes de la intención de evitar comprar alimentos procesados con EAN. Los modelos muestran una actitud negativa de los estudiantes a las EAN lo que no activa la conducta de evasión por parte de los jóvenes. Mientras que la norma subjetiva, el control percibido y la formación en carreras de salud contribuyen positivamente a la intención de evitar alimentos con EAN. Los resultados evidencian que la TCP ayuda a entender el funcionamiento de las EAN en universitarios. Sin embargo, los hallazgos sugieren utilizar herramientas comunicacionales de mediano plazo dirigidas a jóvenes sin formación en salud para que estos realicen una elección informada de alimentos procesados y así reducir enfermedades no transmisibles asociadas a los malos hábitos alimentarios.

Nutrition Warning Labels (NWLs) inform students about processed foods that exceed critical nutrient levels. However, evidence on how NWLs influence food decisions is still scarce. The objective of this research was to relate the effect of NWLs on the decision-making of university students, considering the constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), university major, and sociodemographic variables. Through non-probability sampling, 384 university students were interviewed. The questionnaire included the factors of the TPB, corresponding to the attitude, subjective norm, perceived control, and intention to avoid the purchase of foods processed with NWLs, plus field of study and sociodemographic variables. Factor analysis and multiple regression results identified the determinants of the intention to avoid buying processed foods with NWLs. The models showed a negative attitude of the students to the NWLs, which did not activate avoidance behavior on the part of young people. At the same time, the subjective norm, the perceived control, and the training in health careers contribute positively to the intention to avoid foods with NWLs. The results show that the TPB helps understand the operation of NWLs in university students. However, the findings suggest using medium-term communication tools aimed at young people without health training to make an informed choice of processed foods and thus reduce non-communicable diseases associated with poor eating habits.

Apoyo social, actitudes hacia la sexualidad y satisfacción vital según orientación sexual en estudiantes universitarios

Objetivo. Examinar las relaciones entre el apoyo social percibido, actitudes hacia la sexualidad y satisfacción vital entre estudiantes universitarios heterosexuales y lesbianas, gay y bisexuales (LGB), en Temuco, Chile. Método. Muestra no probabilística de 281 estudiantes universitarios (70.8% heterosexual, 29.2% LGB), quienes respondieron un cuestionario en línea. Resultados. No hubo diferencias según orientación sexual en las actitudes hacia la sexualidad y la satisfacción vital. Estudiantes heterosexuales reportaron mayor apoyo social general y por parte de la familia y otros significativos que estudiantes LGB; ambos grupos reportaron igual apoyo de sus amistades. Únicamente, el apoyo social fue predictor de satisfacción vital. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de fortalecer fuentes de apoyo para contribuir al bienestar de estudiantes de distintas orientaciones sexuales.

Objective. To examine the relationship among perceived social support, attitude towards sexuality, and life satisfaction of heterosexual and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) university students in Temuco, Chile. Method. A non-probabilistic sample of 281 university students (70.8% heterosexual, 29.2% LGB) answered an online questionnaire. Results. There were no significant differences between heterosexual and LGB students in attitude towards sexuality or life satisfaction. Heterosexual students reported greater social support from their family than LGB students; both groups reported equal support from friends. Only social support was a predictor of life satisfaction. These results indicate the importance of strengthening social support from different sources to contribute to the subjective well-being of students of different sexual orientations.

Spillover-crossover effects for satisfaction with food-related life in dual-earner parents with adolescent children / Efectos spillover-crossover respecto a la satisfacción con la alimentación en parejas asalariadas con hijos adolescentes / Efeitos spillover-crossover na satisfação com a vida alimentar em famílias com filhos adolescentes nas quais ambos os pais trabalham fora de casa

This study aimed to examine spillover and crossover associations between parents' family support, work-life balance, and satisfaction with food-related life in dual-earner parents with adolescent children. The mediating role of work-life balance in these relationships was also explored. This is a cross-sectional study with mothers, fathers and adolescent children from Temuco, Chile as participants. The sample comprised 303 families of different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescent children (mean age 13.3, 51.5% female). The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to examine spillover (actor effects) and crossover (partner effects) associations between family members. Positive spillover effects were found for both parents (p < 0.001). Crossover effects were found from fathers' support and work-life balance, respectively, to mothers' work-life balance and satisfaction with food-related life (p < 0.001). No crossover effects were found between parents' work-life balance and their children's satisfaction with food-related life (p > 0.1). Work-life balance had a complete mediating role between parents' family support and satisfaction with food-related life in mothers (bias-corrected, 95%CI: -0.191; 0.093), and a partial role in fathers (bias-corrected, 95%CI: 0.007; 0.295). Spillover and crossover effects between parents' family support and work-life balance in dual-earner parents are associated with increased satisfaction with food-related life. Interventions to promote food-related life satisfaction in dual-earner parents should address both the work and other life roles that these parents fulfill.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las asociaciones spillover y crossover entre el apoyo familiar, equilibrio entre trabajo-vida, y satisfacción vital relacionada con la comida en parejas de asalariados con hijos adolescentes. También se investigó el papel mediador del equilibrio entre trabajo-vida en estas relaciones. El diseño del estudio fue transversal, y los participantes fueron madres, padres y niños adolescentes de Temuco, Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 303 familias con padres asalariados de diferente sexo e hijos adolescentes (media de edad 13,3, 51,5% mujeres). Se usó el Modelo de Interdependencia Actor-Pareja (APIM por sus siglas en inglés) para examinar asociaciones secundarias (efectos de actor) y transversales (efectos de pareja) entre los miembros de la familia. Se encontraron efectos positivos secundarios en ambos padres (p < 0,001). Se hallaron efectos crossover desde el apoyo familiar y equilibrio entre trabajo-vida de los padres, respectivamente, hasta el equilibrio entre trabajo-vida y satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres (p < 0,001). No se encontraron efectos spillover entre el equilibrio entre trabajo-vida de los padres y la satisfacción con la alimentación de su hijos (p > 0,1). El equilibrio entre trabajo-vida tuvo un rol mediador completo entre el apoyo familiar y satisfacción con la alimentación en madres (corregido por sesgo, IC95%: -0,191; 0,093), y un papel parcial en padres (corregido por sesgo, IC95%: 0,007; 0,295). Los efectos spillover y crossover entre apoyo familiar y equilibrio entre trabajo-vida en padres asalariados están asociados con la satisfacción con la alimentación. Las intervenciones para promover la satisfacción con la alimentación en parejas asalariadas deberían dirigirse tanto al trabajo, como hacia otros roles de la vida con los que deben cumplir los progenitores.

O estudo buscou examinar as associações de spillover e crossover entre apoio familiar, equilíbrio trabalho-vida e satisfação com a vida alimentar em famílias com filhos adolescentes nas quais ambos os pais trabalham fora de casa. Foi explorado também o papel mediador do equilíbrio trabalho-vida nessas relações. O estudo adotou um desenho transversal, e os participantes eram mães, pais e filhos adolescentes na cidade de Temuco, Chile. A amostra consistia em 303 famílias de pais heterossexuais com duas rendas de trabalho e com filhos adolescentes (média de idade 13,3 anos; 51,5% do sexo feminino). Foi usado o Modelo de Interdependência Ator-Parceiro (APIM) para examinar as associações de spillover (efeitos de ator) e crossover (efeitos de parceiros) entre os membros da família. Foram encontrados efeitos positivos de spillover para ambos os pais (p < 0,001). Foram encontrados efeitos de crossover do apoio familiar e equilíbrio trabalho-vida dos pais, respectivamente, e em relação ao equilíbrio trabalho-vida e satisfação com a vida alimentar das mães (p < 0,001). Não foram encontrados efeitos de crossover entre o equilíbrio trabalho-vida parental e a satisfação com a vida alimentar dos filhos (p > 0,1). O equilíbrio trabalho-vida teve papel mediador completo entre o apoio familiar e a satisfação com a vida alimentar nas mães (IC95%, viés-corrigido: -0,191; 0,093) e papel parcial nos pais (IC95%, viés-corrigido: 0,007; 0,295). Os efeitos de spillover e crossover entre apoio familiar e equilíbrio trabalho-vida em famílias cujos ambos os pais trabalhavam fora de casa mostraram associação com aumento de satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação. As intervenções para promover a satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação devem levar em conta as atividades laborais e outros papeis vitais desempenhados por esses pais e mães.

Relationships between diet quality, food satisfaction and life satisfaction in mother-adolescent dyads / Relaciones entre calidad de la dieta, satisfacción con la alimentación y con la vida en díadas madre-adolescente / Relações entre qualidade da dieta, satisfação com a alimentação e satisfação com a vida em pares mãe-adolescente

This study examined the relationships between diet quality, satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction in mother-adolescent dyads. The sample consisted of 470 mother-adolescent dyads in Temuco, Chile. Mothers and adolescents responded to the Adapted Healthy Eating Index, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale. Data was analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Diet quality was associated with satisfaction with food-related life, which related to life satisfaction in mothers and adolescents. We did not find direct relationships between diet quality and life satisfaction for either dyad member. Adolescents' diet quality negatively affected their mothers' satisfaction with food-related life; adolescents' food-related life was positively associated with their mothers' life satisfaction. The mothers' satisfaction with food-related life played a mediating role between their own diet quality and life satisfaction. Mothers and their adolescent children affect one another in their dietary patterns and life satisfaction. Child-to-mother influences on food-related experiences show that adolescents' satisfaction with food-related life improves their own and their mothers' life satisfaction. Interventions to promote healthy eating habits must be addressed to both mothers and their adolescent children.

Este estudió examinó las interrelaciones entre calidad de la dieta, satisfacción con la alimentación -relacionada con la vida, y satisfacción con la vida en díadas madre-adolescente. Se reclutó una muestra de 470 díadas madre-adolescente en Temuco, Chile. Las madres y adolescentes respondieron al Índice de Alimentación Saludable Adaptado, Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Alimentación. Se analizaron los datos usando el Modelo de Interdependencia Actor-Pareja (APIM) y el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. La calidad de la dieta está asociada con la satisfacción con la alimentación, y la última está asociada con la satisfacción con la vida, en madres y adolescentes. No se encontraron relaciones directas entre la calidad de la dieta y la satisfacción con la vida para ningún miembro de la díada. La calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes tuvo un efecto negativo en la satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres; la satisfacción con la alimentación de los adolescentes estuvo positivamente asociada con la satisfacción con la vida de sus madres. La satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres tuvo un papel mediador entre la calidad de su propia dieta y su satisfacción con la vida. Las madres y sus hijos adolescentes se influencia mutuamente en sus hábitos alimentarios y satisfacción con la vida. Se encontró que las influencias hijo/a-madre tienen un impacto en las experiencias relacionadas con la comida, mostrando que la satisfacción con la alimentación de los adolescentes potencia su propia satisfacción con la vida y la de sus madres. Las intervenciones para promover hábitos saludables en la alimentación deben dirigirse tanto a las madres como a sus hijos adolescentes.

O estudo examinou as interrelações entre qualidade da dieta, satisfação com a alimentação e satisfação com a vida em pares de mães e adolescentes. Foi recrutada uma amostra de 470 pares mãe-adolescente em Temuco, Chile. As mães e adolescentes responderam o questionário do Índice Adaptado de Alimentação Saudável, a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e a Escala de Satisfação com a Alimentação. Os dados foram analisados com o modelo de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) e modelagem de equações estruturais. A qualidade da dieta está associada com a satisfação com a alimentação, e esta está associada com a satisfação com a vida, entre mães e adolescentes. Tanto nas mães quanto nos filhos adolescentes, não foram observadas relações diretas entre qualidade da dieta e satisfação com a vida. A qualidade da dieta dos adolescentes teve um efeito negative sobre a satisfação das mães com a alimentação; a satisfação dos adolescentes com a alimentação esteve associada positivamente à satisfação das mães com a vida. A satisfação das mães com a alimentação teve um papel mediador entre a qualidade de sua própria dieta e a satisfação com a vida. As mães e seus filhos adolescentes afetam uns aos outros nos padrões de dieta e satisfação com a vida. Foram identificadas influências de filho para mãe nas experiências relacionadas à alimentação, o que demonstra que a satisfação dos adolescentes com a alimentação potencializa a satisfação com a vida, tanto deles e quanto de suas mães. Devem ser realizadas intervenções no sentido de promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre as mães e seus filhos adolescentes.

Typologies of dual-earner households with adolescent children according to their satisfaction with food-related life / Tipologías de hogares con dos ingresos e hijos adolescentes según su satisfacción con la alimentación

Abstract Introduction/aim: The aim of this study was to identify family profiles based on the level of satisfaction with food-related life of three family members (mother, father and one adolescent), and to assess if these profiles differ according to the perceived family functioning of all three family members, the work-life balance and mental health of the parents, and the sociodemographic characteristics. Method: The sample was composed of 269 dual-earner parents with one child between 10 and 17 years of age in Temuco, Chile. Results: A cluster analysis was used to distinguish three family profiles: "mothers moderately satisfied with their food-related life, and fathers and adolescents satisfied" (Group 1, 32.7%), "families extremely satisfied with their food-related life" (Group 2, 55.0%) and "mothers and fathers satisfied with their food-related life, and adolescents moderately satisfied" (Group 3, 12.3%). Groups differed in the way that the three family members' perceived family functioning, both parents' work-life balance and perception of the financial situation of the household, as well as in the mother's depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Conclusions The results of this study can guide research on the links between food-related life and other life domains, and it may provide guidelines for campaigns and interventions to promote healthy eating habits and practices in different age groups.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar perfiles de familias basados en el nivel de satisfacción con la alimentación de tres miembros de la familia (madre, padre y un adolescente) y evaluar si estos perfiles difieren según la percepción de los tres miembros de la familia del funcionamiento familiar, el balance trabajo-vida y la salud mental de los padres, y características sociodemográficas. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 303 familias con doble ingreso con un hijo entre 10 y 17 años en Temuco, Chile. Resultados: Se usó análisis de conglomerados para distinguir tres perfiles familiares: "madres moderadamente satisfechas con su alimentación, padres y adolescentes satisfechos" (Grupo 1; 32.7%), "familias extremadamente satisfechas con su alimentación" (Grupo 2; 55.0%) y "madres y padres satisfechos con su alimentación y adolescentes moderadamente satisfechos" (Grupo 3; 12.3%). Los grupos difirieron en la percepción de los tres miembros de la familia del funcionamiento familiar, el balance trabajo-vida y la percepción de la situación financiera del hogar de ambos padres, así como en los niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés de la madre. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio pueden guiar la investigación sobre los nexos entre la alimentación y otros dominios de la vida, así como ayudar a focalizar campañas e intervenciones que promuevan prácticas y hábitos alimentarios saludables en distintos grupos de edad.

Cross-cultural measurement invariance in the Satisfaction with Life Scale in Chilean and Spanish university students / Invarianza de medida transcultural en la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida en estudiantes universitarios de Chile y España

Abstract Introduction: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used measure of an individuals' cognitive assessment of subjective well-being. The SWLS has been validated in several contexts and populations, but its cross-cultural measurement invariance in emerging adult samples remains barely explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the SWLS in university students from Chile and Spain and according to gender. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of 165 university students from Chile (66.7% women, Mage = 21.9, SD = 2.35), and 109 students from Spain (48.6% women; Mage = 22.9, SD = 2.4) completed the SWLS. Results: Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, results showed that the SWLS exhibited configural, metric and scalar invariance in the comparison between the Chilean and Spanish student samples and also according to gender. Conclusions: This finding allows for significant latent mean comparisons between cross-cultural samples. Moreover, this study supports the SWLS as a valid instrument which provides data that can inform policies in order to improve the subjective well-being of university students of both genders, both in developed and developing Spanish-speaking countries.

Resumen Introducción: La Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para la evaluación cognitiva del bienestar subjetivo de los individuos. La SWLS ha sido validada en numerosos contextos y poblaciones, pero la invarianza de medida a nivel transcultural en adultos emergentes ha sido poco explorada. El propósito de este artículo fue evaluar la invarianza de medida de la SWLS en estudiantes universitarios de Chile y España y según género. Método: Una muestra no probabilística de 165 estudiantes universitarios de Chile (66.7% mujeres, edad promedio = 21.9, DE = 2.35) y 109 estudiantes de España (48.6% mujeres, edad promedio = 22.9, DE = 2.4) completaron la SWLS. Resultados: Por medio de un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo, los resultados mostraron que la SWLS exhibió invarianza configural, métrica y escalar en la comparación entre las muestras de estudiantes chilenos y españoles y según género. Conclusión: Este hallazgo muestra que la SWLS permite comparaciones significativas de medias latentes entre muestras transculturales universitarias. Además, este estudio aporta evidencia de la SWLS como un instrumento válido que puede guiar la creación de políticas para mejorar el bienestar subjetivo de los estudiantes universitarios de ambos géneros, tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo de habla hispana.

Financial distress/well-being and living situation in Ecuadorian health workers / Estrés financiero/bienestar y situación de vida en trabajadores ecuatorianos de salud / Estresse/bem-estar financeiro e situação de vida entre profissionais da saúde no Equador

The tendency to live alone is a relatively recent phenomenon in Ecuador, but it is expanding rapidly. This study aims to identify factors associated with financial distress/well-being according to living situation (living alone vs. living with a partner) in Ecuadorian health workers. This study examined the construct of financial distress/well-being in a sample of 800 Ecuadorian health workers using cross-sectional data. Living situation was compared using generalized linear model analyses including income, age, children living at home, self-perception of health, depression, anxiety and stress, perceived social support, positive mental health, and hedonistic and austere profiles. Regarding financial well-being, workers living alone ranked lower and workers living with a partner ranked higher. In workers living alone the main sources of financial distress/well-being were income, children living at home, perceived social support, positive mental health, and hedonistic attitude towards indebtedness. In workers living with a partner the main sources of financial distress/well-being were income, age, self-perception of health, depression, anxiety and stress, perceived social support, positive mental health, and austere attitude towards indebtedness. Based on our results, we discuss potential public policy interventions that can be used to improve workers' financial well-being.

La tendencia de vivir solo es un fenómeno relativamente reciente en Ecuador, pero que está rápidamente extendiéndose. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar factores asociados con el estrés financiero/bienestar, según la situación de vida (vivir solo vs. vivir con pareja), en trabajadores ecuatorianos de salud. Usando datos transversales este estudio examinó el constructo del estrés financiero/bienestar en una muestra de 800 trabajadores ecuatorianos en el área de salud. La situación de vida fue comparada usando modelos lineales generalizados, incluyendo ingresos, edad, niños viviendo en casa, autopercepción de salud, depresión, ansiedad y estrés, apoyo social percibido, salud mental positiva, así como perfiles hedonistas y austeros. Los trabajadores que vivían solos estuvieron posicionados más bajo y los trabajadores viviendo con pareja estuvieron en puestos más altos en bienestar financiero. En los trabajadores que vivían solos las principales fuentes de estrés financiero/bienestar fueron ingresos, niños viviendo en el hogar, apoyo social percibido, salud mental positiva y actitud hedonística hacia el endeudamiento. En trabajadores viviendo con una pareja las principales fuentes de estrés financiero/bienestar fueron ingresos, edad, autopercepción de salud, depresión, ansiedad y estrés, apoyo social percibido, salud mental positiva y actitud austera hacia endeudamiento. Basados en nuestros resultados, discutimos intervenciones potenciales en políticas públicas que pueden ser usadas para mejorar el bienestar financiero de los trabajadores.

A tendência de viver sozinho é um fenômeno relativamente recente no Equador, mas está crescendo rapidamente. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar fatores associados ao estresse ou bem-estar financeiro de acordo com a situação de vida (viver sozinho vs. viver com parceiro) em profissionais de saúde equatorianos. O estudo usou dados transversais para examinar o construto do estresse/bem-estar financeiro em uma amostra de 800 profissionais de saúde equatorianos. A situação de vida foi comparada com análises de modelo linear generalizado, incluindo renda, idade, crianças vivendo no domicílio, autoavaliação da saúde, depressão, ansiedade e estresse, apoio social percebido, saúde mental positiva e perfis hedonistas vs. austeros. Os trabalhadores que viviam sozinhos pontuavam mais baixo, enquanto aqueles que viviam com um parceiro pontuavam mais alto no quesito de bem-estar financeiro. Entre os trabalhadores que viviam sozinhos, as principais fontes de estresse vs. bem-estar financeiro eram renda, crianças vivendo no domicílio, apoio social percebido, saúde mental positiva e atitude hedonista em relação ao endividamento. Nos trabalhadores que viviam com parceiro, as principais fontes de estresse/bem-estar social eram renda, autoavaliação da saúde, depressão, ansiedade e estresse, apoio social positivo, e saúde mental. Com base nos resultados, discutimos o potencial para intervenções de políticas públicas que possam ser utilizadas para melhorar o bem-estar financeiro dos trabalhadores.

Social desirability in the measurement of subjective well-being: A study with Chilean university students / Deseabilidad social en la medición del bienestar subjetivo: un estudio con estudiantes universitarios de Chile

Abstract The present study aimed at determining the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness while controlling for social desirability, and to explore whether overall satisfaction with life can be predicted by satisfaction with life dimensions while controlling for social desirability. The study had a quantitative, non-experimental cross-sectional design, with 279 participants from different universities of the Council of Rectors of Chile recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling method for convenience. The participants completed an online questionnaire that inquired about their global and dimensional satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, social desirability, and sociodemographic variables. The data was analysed using partial correlations and multiple regression analyses. Bivariate correlation results indicate weak and direct associations between social desirability and life satisfaction and subjective happiness, and a strong and direct association between the latter. According to the results of the partial correlation analysis, the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness is maintained even when social convenience is controlled. The results of the multiple regression analyses indicate that although social desirability predicts life satisfaction by itself, when satisfaction with life dimensions is added to the model, social desirability loses its predictive power. In conclusion, although social desirability is associated with the two components, affective and cognitive, of subjective well-being, this association loses predictive power when other variables are considered in predictive models. Study limitations include a relatively low reliability score on the social desirability scale, possible bias due to the study's self-report design and sampling method used. The present study aimed at determining the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness while controlling for social desirability, and to explore whether overall satisfaction with life can be predicted by satisfaction with life dimensions while controlling for social desirability. The study had a quantitative, non-experimental cross-sectional design, with 279 participants from different universities of the Council of Rectors of Chile recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling method for convenience. The participants completed an online questionnaire that inquired about their global and dimensional satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, social desirability, and sociodemographic variables. The data was analysed using partial correlations and multiple regression analyses. Bivariate correlation results indicate weak and direct associations between social desirability and life satisfaction and subjective happiness, and a strong and direct association between the latter. According to the results of the partial correlation analysis, the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness is maintained even when social convenience is controlled. The results of the multiple regression analyses indicate that although social desirability predicts life satisfaction by itself, when satisfaction with life dimensions is added to the model, social desirability loses its predictive power. In conclusion, although social desirability is associated with the two components, affective and cognitive, of subjective well-being, this association loses predictive power when other variables are considered in predictive models. Study limitations include a relatively low reliability score on the social desirability scale, possible bias due to the study's self-report design and sampling method used.

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Latent class analysis of dietary restraint in mother-adolescent dyads / Análisis de clases latentes de restricción alimentaria en díadas madre-adolescente

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to identify adolescent profiles based on their dietary restraint behavior. A sample of 470 mothers with one child between 10 and 17 years of age were surveyed in Chile. Questionnaires included the Revised Restraint Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale, Satisfaction with Family Life scale and the Adapted Healthy Eating Index. The results of the Latent Class Analysis yielded two classes: dieters and non-dieters. Dieters had a higher mean age, higher proportion of overweight and obesity and lower scores on the satisfaction with life and food-related life. Families from the dieters class had a lower frequency of family dinners. Their mothers had higher weight fluctuation and rates of obesity. The results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing overweight/obesity and dietary restraint in adolescents and intended to improve adolescent subjective well-being must include both the mother and the adolescent, regardless of sex.

RESUMEN Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar perfiles de adolescentes basados en su comportamiento de restricción alimentaria. Se encuestó a una muestra de 470 madres con un hijo entre 10 y 17 años en Chile. Los cuestionarios incluyeron la Escala Revisada de Restricción, la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, la Escala de Satisfacción con la Alimentación, la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar y el Índice de Alimentación Saludable Adaptado. Los resultados del análisis de clases latentes arrojaron dos tipos: dietantes y no dietantes. Los dietantes tuvieron una edad media más alta, mayor proporción de sobrepeso y obesidad y puntuaciones más bajas en la satisfacción con la vida y con la alimentación. Las familias de los dietantes tuvieron una menor frecuencia de cenas familiares. Sus madres tuvieron una mayor fluctuación de peso y tasas de obesidad. Los resultados sugieren que las intervenciones dirigidas a reducir la obesidad/sobrepeso y la restricción alimentaria en adolescentes y destinadas a mejorar el bienestar subjetivo de los adolescentes deben incluir tanto a la madre como al adolescente, independientemente del género.

Life Satisfaction among Indigenous People from Chile: Evaluation of Measurement Invariance / Satisfacción con la vida en indígenas de Chile: evaluación de la Invarianza de Medida

Abstract Although the Life Satisfaction Scale (SWLS) has been used to establish comparisons among nations/cultures, the measurement invariance of this scale has not always been demonstrated. The forced acculturative experience of indigenous minorities and its differentiation of gender roles could impact how people respond to this scale. The purpose of this study was to examine the measurement invariance of the SWLS when it is applied to a Chilean indigenous group, considering gender and their most frequent acculturative types (i.e., acculturated and bicultural). Eight hundred adults of Mapuche origin answered a Spanish version of the SWLS and the Mapuche Acculturation Scale. The results supported the SWLS strict invariance between acculturated and bicultural and also between acculturated men and women. Partial strict invariance was found between bicultural men and women; specifically, the residual variance of Item 3 was higher in women than in men. Since Spanish is a gendered language, a linguistic explanation is proposed for the non-invariance of this item. The importance of careful wording of the items, when administered in multilanguage acculturation contexts, is discussed.

Resumen Aunque la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) se ha usado para comparar personas de distintas naciones/culturas, no siempre su invarianza de medición ha sido demostrada. La aculturación forzada de las minorías indígenas y sus particulares roles de género podrían afectar las respuestas de esas personas a esta escala. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo examinar la invarianza de la SWLS en un grupo indígena chileno, considerando el género y los tipos aculturativos más frecuentes (i.e., aculturados y biculturales). Ochocientos adultos mapuches respondieron, en castellano, la SWLS y la Escala de Aculturación Mapuche. Se encontró apoyo para invarianza estricta entre aculturados y biculturales y, además, entre hombres y mujeres aculturados. Se encontró invarianza estricta parcial entre hombres y mujeres biculturales; específicamente, la varianza residual del ítem 3 fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Siendo el castellano un idioma con distinción de géneros, se propuso una explicación lingüística para la falta de invarianza de ese ítem. Se discute la importancia de redactar cuidadosamente los ítems cuando son administrados en contextos aculturativos multilingües.

Autopercepción de salud en adultos mayores: moderación por género de la situación financiera, el apoyo social de amigos y la edad / The influence of financial situation and friends' support on health self-perception of older adults

Background: The Chilean population is aging rapidly. This socio-demographic change imposes psychosocial and economic challenges that are relevant for the health care of older people. Aim: To assess the association between perceived financial situation, perceived social support by friends, and age with health self-perception in older people. Material and Methods: A questionnaire about health self-perception, financial situation, and social support perceived by friends was applied to 383 occupationally active adults aged 68 ± 5 years (66% women) living in urban areas of Southern Chile. A gender-based multi-group path model was specified, which evaluated the association of health self-perception with the assessment of the financial situation, social support, and age. Results: The final model was moderated by gender. However, age was not associated with health self-perception. For men and women, the perceived financial situation showed a positive association with health self-perception. The perceived social support of friends was only significant for women. Conclusions: The financial situation and friends' support (among women) are factors that should be considered in the evaluation of the health perception of older adults.

Satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction: a triadic analysis in dual-earner families / Satisfacción con la alimentación y la vida: un análisis triádico en familias con dos fuentes de ingresos / Satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação e satisfação com a vida: uma análise triádica em famílias com duas fontes de renda

This study explored the spillover and crossover associations between satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction in mothers, fathers and adolescent children in dual-earned families. This is a cross-sectional design study with mothers, fathers and children surveyed in Temuco, Chile. The participants were 303 dual-earner parents and their adolescent children (mean age 13.3 years, 51.5% female). Actor-partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and structural equation modeling were used to explore spillover (actor effect) and crossover (partner effect) associations among family members. As a result, fathers' satisfaction with food-related life was positively associated with their own life satisfaction (p ≤ 0.01), as well as with their partner's (mother's) satisfaction with life (p ≤ 0.05), but not with their adolescent child's life satisfaction (p > 0.1). Mothers and children presented positive spillovers between their own levels of satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction (p ≤ 0.01). No crossover effects were found between mothers and children (p > 0.1). This study results underscore the positive association between satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction among members of dual-earner families with adolescent children. Special efforts should be made by dual-earner parents to improve the variables related to their satisfaction with food-related life as well as their children's satisfaction.

Este estudio exploró las asociaciones spillover y crossover entre la satisfacción con la alimentación y la vida en madres, padres y niños adolescentes, en familias con dos fuentes de ingresos. El diseño del estudio es transversal con madres, padres y niños, realizado en Temuco, Chile. Los participantes fueron 303 parejas con ingresos (cada uno de los miembros) y sus hijos adolescentes (promedio de edad 13,3 años, 51,5% mujeres). Se utilizó un modelo de interdependencia actor-compañero (Actor-partner Interdependence Model - APIM por sus siglas en inglés) y modelos de ecuación estructural para investigar las asociaciones spillover (efecto actor) y crossover (efecto compañero) entre los miembros de las familias. En los resultados, la satisfacción con la alimentación de los padres estuvo positivamente asociada con su propia satisfacción vital (p ≤ 0,01), al igual con la satisfacción vital de su pareja (la madre, p ≤ 0,05), pero no con la satisfacción con la vida de su hijo adolescente (p > 0,1). Madres e hijos mostraron asociaciones spillover positivas entre sus propios niveles de satisfacción con la alimentación y la satisfacción con la vida (p ≤ 0,01). No hubo efectos crossovers entre madres e hijos (p > 0,1). Los resultados de este estudio destacan la asociación positiva entre la satisfacción con la alimentación y la satisfacción vital entre miembros de familias con dos ingresos e hijos adolescentes. Se deberían realizar esfuerzos especiales en las parejas con ingresos por ambas partes para mejorar las variables relacionadas con su satisfacción con la alimentación, así como también con de su hijos.

Este estudo explorou as associações de spillover e crossover entre a satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação e a satisfação com a vida em geral em mães, pais e filhos adolescentes em famílias com duas fontes de renda. O delineamento é de um estudo transversal em mães, pais e filhos em Temuco, Chile. Os participantes eram 303 casais com duas fontes de renda e seus filhos adolescentes (média de idade de 13,3 anos, sendo 51,5% do sexo feminino). Foram usados o Actor-partner Interdependence Model (APIM) e modelagem de equações estruturais para explorar as associações spillover (efeito de ator) e crossover (efeito de parceiro) entre membros da família. Nos resultados, a satisfação do pai com a vida relacionada à alimentação mostrou associação positiva com a satisfação em relação à própria vida (p ≤ 0,01), assim como, com a satisfação da parceira com a vida (a mãe, p ≤ 0,05), mas não com a satisfação do filho adolescente com a vida (p > 0,1). As mães e filhos mostraram desdobramentos positivos entre seus próprios níveis de satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação e a satisfação com a vida (p ≤ 0,01). Não foram encontrados efeitos crossovers entre as mães e os filhos (p > 0,1). Os achados do estudo sublinham a associação positiva entre a satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação e a satisfação com a vida em geral entre membros de famílias com duas fontes de renda e filhos adolescentes. Os casais com duas fontes de renda devem se esforçar para melhorar as variáveis relacionadas à sua própria satisfação e de seus filhos em relação à alimentação.

Depression and satisfaction in different domains of life in dual-earner families: A dyadic analysis / Depresión y satisfacción en diferentes dominios de la vida en familias con doble ingreso: Un análisis diádico

Abstract This study explored the spillover and crossover associations between depression and satisfaction with life, food-related life, and family life in dual-earner families. Questionnaires were administered to 303 dual-earner couples with adolescent children in Temuco, Chile. Both members of the couple answered the Depression Subscale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress scale - 21, Satisfaction with Life scale, Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale, and the Satisfaction with Family Life scale. Using the actor-partner interdependence model and structural equation modeling, we found that a man's depression was negatively associated with his own levels of satisfaction with life, family life, and food-related life as well as with his partner's (the woman's) levels of satisfaction with life and family life. The woman's depression was negatively associated with her own levels of satisfaction with life, family life, and food-related life as well as with her partner's (the man's) satisfaction with family life, but not with his level of life satisfaction. No crossover effects were found between the two members of the couple's depression and their satisfaction with food-related life. These findings suggest that to enhance overall life satisfaction as well as satisfaction in the family and food domains in dual-earner families, interventions to reduce depression should include both partners.

Resumen Este estudio exploró las asociaciones "spillover" y "crossover" entre la depresión y la satisfacción con la vida, con la alimentación y con la vida familiar en familias con doble ingreso. Se administraron cuestionarios a 303 parejas con doble ingreso e hijos adolescentes en Temuco, Chile. Ambos miembros de las parejas respondieron la subescala de Depresión de la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés - 21, Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Escala de Satisfacción con la Alimentación y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar. Usando el modelo de interdependencia actor-compañero y ecuaciones estructurales, se encontró que la depresión en los hombres se asoció negativamente con sus propios niveles de satisfacción con la vida, con la vida familiar y con la alimentación, así como con los niveles satisfacción con la vida y la vida familiar de su pareja (la mujer). La depresión en mujeres se asoció negativamente con sus propios niveles de satisfacción con la vida, con la vida familiar y con la alimentación, así como con la satisfacción de su pareja (el hombre) con la vida familiar, pero no con su nivel de satisfacción con la vida. No se encontraron efectos cruzados entre la depresión los miembros de la pareja y su satisfacción con la alimentación. Estos hallazgos sugieren que para mejorar la satisfacción con la vida en general, así como la satisfacción en los dominios de la familia y la alimentación en familias doble ingreso, las intervenciones para reducir la depresión deben incluir a los dos miembros de la pareja.

University student profiles according to satisfaction with life, food and family / Perfiles de estudiantes universitarios según la satisfacción con la vida, la alimentación y la familia

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to distinguish university student profiles according to life satisfaction and satisfaction with food-related life and family, as well as to determine whether profiles differ in terms of their family support, quality of diet, body mass index (BMI) and socio-demographic characteristics. A questionnaire was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 370 students of both sexes (mean age 21.1 years, 54.2% female) in Chile, including Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFoL) scale, Satisfaction with Family Life (SWFaL) scale, Family Resources Scale (FRS) and the Adapted Healthy Eating Index (AHEI). Three student types were distinguished with significant differences in average values of SWLS, SWFoL and SWFaL scales, z-scores from the intangible resources subscale from the FRS and average AHEI score. These profiles also differed in place of residence, dinner frequency at place of residence and BMI. Higher life satisfaction levels, as well as food-related life satisfaction, family life satisfaction, and intangible family support, were associated with a higher quality diet, lower BMI, living with parents while at university, and having dinner more frequently at home.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue distinguir perfiles de estudiantes universitarios según su nivel de satisfacción con la vida, satisfacción con la alimentación y satisfacción con la vida familiar, y determinar si los perfiles difieren en términos del apoyo familiar, calidad de la dieta, índice de masa corporal y características sociodemográficas. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra no probabilística de 370 estudiantes de ambos sexos (edad promedio 21,1 años; 54,2% mujeres) en Temuco, Chile, incluyendo la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS), Escala de Satisfacción con la Alimentación (SWFoL), Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar (SWFaL), Escala de Recursos Familiares (FRS) y el Indice de Alimentación Saludable Adaptado (AHEI). Se distinguieron tres tipologías de estudiantes con diferencias significativas en los puntajes promedio de las escalas SWLS, SWFoL, SWFaL, puntajes z de la subescala recursos intangibles de la FRS y en los puntajes promedio del AHEI. Los perfiles también difirieron en el lugar de residencia, frecuencia de cenas en el lugar de residencia y en el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Mayores niveles de satisfacción vital, satisfacción con la alimentación, con la vida familiar y apoyo familiar en recursos intangibles se relacionaron con una dieta de mayor calidad, menor IMC, vivir con los padres durante el periodo de estudios y con una mayor frecuencia de cenas en el hogar.

Life Satisfaction in Chilean University Students: An Examination of the Relation between Gender and Socioeconomic Level / Satisfacción con la Vida en Estudiantes Universitarios Chilenos: Una Revisión de la Relación entre Género y Nivel Socioeconómico

Abstract The objectives of this study were to examine the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale in university students (MSLSS) (Huebner, 1998) in a sample of university students from northern, central and southern Chile, where indicators of reliability and construct validity were examined. Also, it seeks to describe the levels of life satisfaction of students and to examine differences between gender and between socioeconomic statuses. The study is quantitative with a cross-sectional descriptive-relational design. The Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale was applied to a sample of 306 university students in northern, central and southern Chile, as well as a questionnaire that collected sociodemographic variables. It was used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the model expected from the five factors of the 40-item version of the scale. The results showed the scale had adequate psychometric behavior in this type of population, where also high satisfaction levels in overall and specific domains were found, and group differences were found by gender but not by socioeconomic status.

Resumen Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida en Estudiantes (MSLSS) (Huebner, 1998) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la zona norte, centro y sur de Chile, examinando indicadores de contabilidad y validez de constructo. Junto a esto, se buscó describir los niveles de satisfacción con la vida de los estudiantes y examinar diferencias por género y nivel socioeconómico. El estudio es cuantitativo con un diseño descriptivo relacional transversal. La Escala Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida fue aplicada a una muestra intencionada de 306 estudiantes universitarios en el norte, centro y sur de Chile, al igual que un cuestionario que recogió variables sociodemográficas. Se utilizó el análisis factorial confirmatorio para evaluar el modelo esperado de cinco factores de la versión de 40 ítems de la escala. Los resultados demuestran que la escala tiene un comportamiento psicométrico adecuado para este tipo de población, también se encontraron altos niveles de satisfacción en los dominios generales y específicos, y diferencias en género, mas no en nivel socioeconómico.

Life, Family and Food Satisfaction in University Students / Satisfacción con la vida, la familia y la alimentación en estudiantes universitarios

Abstract This study assesses the relationship between food satisfaction and family satisfaction and their relationships to university student life satisfaction, while also exploring the moderating role of the place of student residence, student self-health perception and the importance students assign to food in relation to well-being. A survey was applied to a convenience sample of 269 university students. The questionnaire included: the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Satisfaction with Food-related Life, the family subscale of the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale and the first item of the Health-related Quality of Life Index. Having controlled for gender and socioeconomic status, it was found that a student's life satisfaction was significantly related to food satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, family satisfaction. Food satisfaction was positively and significantly related to family satisfaction. A moderating role of student residence was not found. Student health self-perception was found to moderate the relationship between family and life satisfaction, whereas the importance assigned to food in relation to well-being was found to moderate the relationship between food and student life satisfaction. These findings suggest that, in order to increase student life satisfaction, it is important to improve family satisfaction for those students who have a negative health self-perception. Likewise, improving food satisfaction is relevant for those students who gave low importance to food in regard to their well-being.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la satisfacción con la alimentación y la satisfacción familiar, sus relaciones con la satisfacción con la vida de estudiantes universitarios y explorar el rol moderador del lugar donde el estudiante vive, su autopercepción de la salud y de la importancia asignada a la alimentación para el bienestar. Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra por conveniencia de 269 estudiantes universitarios. El cuestionario incluyó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Satisfacción con la Alimentación, la subescala de Familia de la Escala Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida de Estudiantes y el primer ítem del Índice de Calidad de Vida Relacionado con la Salud. Habiendo controlado por género y nivel socioeconómico, se encontró que la satisfacción con la vida del estudiante se relacionó significativamente con la satisfacción con la alimentación y, en menor medida, con su satisfacción familiar. La satisfacción con la alimentación se relacionó positiva y significativamente con la satisfacción familiar. No se encontró un rol moderador del lugar donde el estudiante vive. La autopercepción de salud del estudiante moderaría la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la familia, mientras la importancia asignada a la alimentación para el bienestar moderaría la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la alimentación. Estos resultados sugieren que para incrementar la satisfacción con la vida de los estudiantes, es importante mejorar la satisfacción con la familia en los estudiantes que tienen una mala autopercepción de salud, mientras que mejorar la satisfacción con la alimentación es relevante en los estudiantes que asignan baja importancia a la alimentación para su bienestar.