Identification of risk factors for residual cholesteatoma in children and adults: a retrospective study on 110 cases of revision surgery / Identificação de fatores de risco para colesteatoma residual em crianças e adultos: um estudo retrospectivo de 110 casos de cirurgia revisionais

Abstract Introduction: Residual disease after cholesteatoma removal is still a challenge for the otorhinolaryngologist. Scheduled "second-look" surgery and, more recently, radiological screenings are used to identify residual cholesteatoma as early as possible. However, these procedures are cost-intensive and are accompanied by discomfort and risks for the patient. Objective: To identify anamnestic, clinical, and surgery-related risk factors for residual cholesteatoma. Methods: The charts of 108 patients, including children as well as adults, having undergone a second-look or revision surgery after initial cholesteatoma removal at a tertiary referral hospital, were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Gender, age, mastoid pneumatization, prior ventilation tube insertion, congenital cholesteatoma, erosion of ossicles, atticotomy, resection of chorda tympani, different reconstruction materials, and postoperative otorrhea did not emerge as statistically significant risk factors for residual disease. However, prior adenoid removal, cholesteatoma growth to the sinus tympani and to the antrum and mastoid, canal-wall-up 2 ways approach, and postoperative retraction and perforation were associated with a statistically higher rate of residual disease. A type A tympanogram as well as canal-wall-down plus reconstruction 2 ways approach for extended epitympanic and for extended epitympanic and mesotympanic cholesteatomas were associated with statistically lower rates of residual disease. A score including the postoperative retraction or perforation of the tympanic membrane, the quality of the postoperative tympanogram and the intraoperative extension of the cholesteatoma to the sinus tympani and/or the antrum was elaborated and proved to be suitable for predicting residual cholesteatoma with acceptable sensitivity and high specificity. Conclusion: Cholesteatoma extension to the sinus tympani, antrum and mastoid makes a residual disease more likely. The canal-wall-down plus reconstruction 2 ways approach seems safe with similar rates of residual cholesteatoma and without the known disadvantages of canal-wall-down surgery. The described score can be useful for identifying patients who need a postoperative radiological control and a second-look surgery.

Resumo Introdução: A doença residual após a remoção do colesteatoma ainda é um desafio para o otorrinolaringologista. A cirurgia revisional programada e, mais recentemente, exames radiológicos são usados para identificar o colesteatoma residual o mais precocemente possível. Entretanto, esses procedimentos são dispendiosos e acompanhados de desconforto e riscos para o paciente. Objetivo: Identificar fatores de risco anamnésicos, clínicos e relacionados à cirurgia para o colesteatoma residual. Método: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 108 pacientes, crianças e adultos, que passaram por revisão cirúrgica após a remoção inicial do colesteatoma em um hospital terciário de referência. Resultados: Sexo, idade, pneumatização da mastoide, inserção anterior de tubo de ventilação, colesteatoma congênito, erosão dos ossículos, aticotomia, ressecção da corda do tímpano, diferentes materiais de reconstrução e otorreia pós-operatória não se mostraram fatores de risco estatisticamente significantes para a ocorrência de doença residual. Entretanto, remoção prévia da adenoide, crescimento do colesteatoma para o interior do seio timpânico e para o antro e a mastoide, abordagem de duas vias com canal wall-up e retração e perfuração pós-operatórias foram associados a uma taxa estatisticamente maior de doença residual. Um timpanograma tipo A, assim como a reconstrução de duas vias com a abordagem canal wall-down para colesteatomas com extensão para o recesso epitimpânico e/ou extensão epitimpânica e mesotimpânica, foram associados com taxas estatisticamente menores da doença residual. Um escore, que incluiu a retração ou perfuração pós-operatória da membrana timpânica, a qualidade do timpanograma pós-operatório e a extensão intraoperatória do colesteatoma para o seio timpânico e/ou antro, foi elaborado e se mostrou adequado para predizer colesteatoma residual com sensibilidade aceitável e alta especificidade. Conclusão: A extensão do colesteatoma para o seio timpânico, antro e mastoide torna a doença residual mais provável. A abordagem do tipo canal wall-down mais a reconstrução de 2 vias parecem seguras com taxas semelhantes de colesteatoma residual e sem as desvantagens conhecidas da cirurgia do tipo canal wall-down. O escore descrito pode ser útil para identificar pacientes que necessitam de controle radiológico pós-operatório e cirurgia revisional.

Salivary Gland Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A 15-year Experience

Abstract Introduction Diseases of the salivary glands are rare in children and adolescents, with the exception of viral-induced infections. Objective To determine the clinical course of the disease, the diagnostic procedures, the treatment and the outcome of all children and adolescents affected with salivary gland diseases at our clinic over a period of 15 years. Methods A retrospective chart review including a long-term follow-up was conducted among 146 children and adolescents treated for salivary gland disorders from 2002 to 2016. Results Diagnosing acute sialadenitis was easily managed by all doctors regardless of their specialty. The diagnosis of sialolithiasis was rapidly made only by otorhinolar- yngologists, whereas diagnosing juvenile recurrent parotitis imposed difficulties to doctors of all specialties - resulting in a significant delay between the first occurrence of symptoms and the correct diagnosis. The severity-adjusted treatment yielded improve- ments in all cases, and a full recovery of 75% of the cases of sialolithiasis, 73% of the cases of juvenile recurrent parotitis, and 100% of the cases of acute sialadenitis. Conclusions Due to their low prevalence and the lack of pathognomonic symptoms, salivary gland diseases in children and adolescents are often misdiagnosed, resulting in an unneces- sarily long period of suffering despite a favorable outcome following the correct treatment.