PRE- AND POST- SHUNT CEREBRAL PERFUSION MEASURED BY DYNAMIC SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST MRI IN PATIENTS WITH NORMAL PRESSURE HYDROCEPHALUS.

Background: NPH-related dementia is the only surgically manageable dementia. Response to ventricular shunting in NPH is variable. This study aims to establish a possible correlation between the changes in cerebral perfusion with clinical response to shunting. The study group consisted of 20 patients with NPH Methods: diagnoses who underwent ventricular shunting. Pre- and 3-month post- shunt DSC-MRI was done to assess the change in relative cerebral blood ?ow (rCBF). Mean ± SD values of rCBF in frontal grey matter, frontal periventricular white Results: matter, parietal periventricular white matter and hippocampus were 0.91 ± 0.11, 0.61 ± 0.09, 0.47 ± 0.11 and 0.93 ± 0.06 before shunt surgery and 0.98 ± 0.06, 0.70 ± 0.07, 0.54 ± 0.07 and 0.98 ± 0.06 after shunt surgery in NPH patients who responded to shunt surgery; and 0.78 ± 0.17, 0.37 ± 0.14, 0.41 ± 0.11 and 0.89 ± 0.10 before shunt surgery and 0.79 ± 0.14, 0.37 ± 0.19, 0.38 ± 0.09 and 0.84 ± 0.07 after shunt surgery in NPH patients who did not respond to shunt surgery. Therefore, regional rCBF in these regions increased in responders after shunt surgery, with a signi?cant statistical difference (p-value < 0.05) while no signi?cant change was seen in shunt non-responders (p-value > 0.05). There is a correlation between a signi?cant increase in Conclusion: regional rCBF and clinical improvement after shunt surgery

Role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in the Diagnosis of Parotid Gland Tumors: Analysis of 193 Cases

Abstract Introduction Parotid gland tumors include a wide variety of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. The majority of these tumors are benign (80%), which usually require superficial parotidectomy, while the incidence of malignant tumors is lower (20%), requiring more radical surgery with or without neck dissection. The diagnosis cannot be established on the basis of clinical history and simple physical examination and requires complementary diagnostic methods. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) guided by ultrasound is a widely used diagnostic tool to evaluate parotid swellings. Objective To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in the diagnosis of parotid gland tumors. Methods A retrospective chart review of 193 patients who underwent preoperative FNAC and parotidectomy at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from the period of January 2000 to December 2015 was performed. Results Out of 193 patients undergoing parotidectomy, 110 (57%) were males and 83 (43%) were females, the mean age being 48.21 and 43.76 years old, respectively. The mean duration of the symptoms was 41.33 months, and the most common symptom was preauricular swelling present in all patients, followed by pain, which was present in 29 patients (15%) and facial nerve weakness in 6 patients (3.1%). Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed preoperatively and the results were compared with the final histopathology, which showed sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 97.9%, positive predictive value of 93%, negative predictive value of 96.7% and diagnostic accuracy of 95.8%. Conclusion Our results suggest that FNAC is relatively an accurate method for preoperative diagnosis of parotid swelling and can prove to be a valuable tool for preoperative counseling of the nature of the disease and prognosis.

Outcome of thyroid lobectomies undergone with and without drains

Background: Thyroid lobectomy is a common operative technique of management of benign solitary thyroid nodules in which drains are used routinely. Objective of this study to compare the outcome of thyroid lobectomies undergone with and without drains in patients of benign solitary thyroid nodules.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional research was completed on 98 patients of benign solitary thyroid nodules at surgery department of Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro. Patients having age of 18-60 years underwent thyroid lobectomies were included and distributed in two groups A and B. Group A includes thyroid lobectomies with drain and Group B without drain. Postoperative outcomes including pain score assessed via visual analog score (VAS), hospital stay and complications including wound infection, seroma and hematoma.Results: Out of 98 cases, 49 underwent thyroid lobectomy with drain and 49 without a drain. Females patients were in majority in group A 42 (85.7%) and also in group B 47 (95.9%). No significant difference (p-value=0.674) was in mean age of group A 30.8±10.2 years and group B 31.8±12.2 years. Higher mean with significant difference (p-value=0.001) was in pain score of group A 5.61±1.25 as compared to group B 3.55±0.70. No significant difference was in complications; seroma 1 (2.04%) vs 5 (10.20%), hematoma 1 (2.04%) vs 1 (2.04%) and infection 3 (6.12%) vs 0 (0.0%) in group A and B respectively. Higher mean with significant difference (p-value=0.001) was in hospital stay of group A 2.40±1.57 days as compared to group B 1.42±0.54 days. No significant difference (p-value=0.748) was in overall rate of complications in group A 5 (10.20%) and B 6 (12.24%).Conclusions: Thyroid lobectomy with drain is not effective in lowering the postoperative complications whereas enhanced the risk of postoperative pain, wound infection and duration of hospital stay as compared to thyroid lobectomy without a drain.

Factors Associated with Drain Output in Patients Undergoing to Parotidectomy

Abstract Introduction Tumors of the parotid gland are heterogeneous. The purpose of the drain placement is to evacuate fluid that has a potential to accumulate in the dead space and cause infection after parotidectomy. Objectives To evaluate the factors associated with drain output among patients submitted to parotidectomy. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 1994 to December 2014. Patients who underwent parotidectomy were included in the study. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with drain output. Results A total of 193 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 46.3 years, and 57% of them were male. Length of surgery (β coefficient = 24.2; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 4.94-85.26), type of neck dissection (modified radical neck dissection: β = 93.9; 95% CI: 30.47-157.38; selective neck dissection: β = 79.9; 95%CI: 29.04-126.85), and type of parotidectomy (total β = 45.1; 95%CI: 4.94-85.26) were factors that significantly influenced drain output in patients submitted to parotidectomy with or without neck dissection. Conclusion Neck dissection, total parotidectomy and length of surgery were predictors of postoperative neck drainage in our cohort. These factors can help predict postoperative neck drain output and help in patient counselling.

need of instituting public health education programs in Karachi

Objective: To determine the awareness, need, role, and the effectiveness of the health education programs in improvement of well being of the community/citizens. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted, from Aug to Dec 2015 at the four districts of Karachi city

Material and Methods: The instrument of the study was a questionnaire, including basic demographic information of the participants and other 20 items related to need and role of health education programs in control of diseases. A total 250 participants were selected through stratified random sampling design from residential areas of North, South, East and West districts of Karachi. Participants failed to answer item one of the questionnaire were excluded from the study. The data was then analyzed and expressed in percentages and graphs

Results: Total 189 residents were continued the participation belonging to the age group between 18-65 years. Majority of the respondents [96.82%] were in favor of organizing health education activities. About 75.13% believed that such programs have pronounced effect in management of diseases. Furthermore, participants [51.32%] were willing to attend health seminars/symposiums and workshops to be aware to their medical problems. It was also found that they have basic concept of immunization and harmful effects of smoking on health

Conclusion: Over all the residents of Karachi were well aware to the health education and its role in improvement of disease status. Residents showed positive response for participation in health education activities to manage their illness or medical problems. However, the present study involves a smaller population subjects. Authors highly recommended the institution of health education programs in hospitals and community to make the people and environment healthy

Frequency and pattern of removal of teeth in a sample of population of southern Punjab

Removal of non-restorable teeth is a routine cost-effective procedure. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan, Pakistan from 1[st] April 2016 to 30[th] October 2016 to find out frequency and pattern of teeth removal in southern Punjab population. Both genders were included and causes of extraction were categorized. Chi square test applied to assess the significance of association. Two thousands and seventy two teeth were extracted from 1700 patients [786 male 45.2%, and 932 female 54.8%] presented to oral surgery department. Mean age of the sample was 40 +/- 15.01. A total of 1339 [64.6%] were extracted due to advanced dental caries, the leading cause of tooth extraction followed by periodontal disease 217 [10.5%]. Molars [45%] were most common teeth extracted. It was concluded that there was strong need for directing more financial resources to community awareness programs to prevent premature teeth loss

Frequency of mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV positive patients

Objective: to determine the frequency of mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV positive patients

Methods: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Outpatient Department of Dermatology and HIV clinic of Services Hospital, Lahore from Jun 10, 2015 to Dec 09, 2015. Total 170 HIV positive patients fulfilling inclusion / exclusion criteria], were assessed on clinical grounds and relevant investigations e.g. KOH preparations, Tzanck smear and histopathology were carried out. These patients were enrolled in the study after taking informed consent. Patient's biodata, CD4 count and mucocutaneous lesions found were recorded on a predesigned proforma

Results: the age ranged between 16 and 60 with a mean of 41.9 +/- 8.2 years. There were 113 [66.5%] male patients and 57 [33.5%] female patients. Mucocutaneous manifestations were found in 143 out of 170 [84.1%] patients

Conclusion: a high prevalence of dermatological lesions in HIV infected patients was seen in the present study. Most common mucocutaneous manifestation was viral infections followed by bacterial and fungal infections

Use of E-Technology, physical activity and obesity among adolescents of Rawalpindi and Islamabad

Objective: To determine the relationship of e-technology use and physical activity with obesity among adolescents of Rawalpindi and Islamabad

Study Design: Cross sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: Different schools of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, from Mar to Aug 2015

Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 305 adolescents between ages 17-19 years, from different schools of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, selected through consecutive sampling technique. Structured close-ended questionnaire was administered and data obtained was analyzed by SPSS version 22. Correlation test was used to ascertain association between BMI, time spent using e-technology and physical activity duration

Results: The mean age of the participants was 15.7 +/- 2.4 years. It was revealed that 13.3 percent of the respondents were underweight, 64.5 percent were of normal weight, 17.3 percent were overweight and 9.5 percent were obese. The majority of females were found watching television [73.1 percent] and using cell phone [60.6 percent] whereas majority of the males were fond of playing videogames [63.7 percent] and using computer [72 percent]. A positive correlation of 0.64 was found between e-technology use and BMI of individuals whereas physical activities were having negative correlation of -0.231 with BMI

Conclusion: The current study concluded that use of e-technology was directly associated and physical activity was inversely associated with obesity, suggestive of elevated consequences of sedentary activities on adiposity during adolescence. This issue must be addressed by raising awareness among adolescents about healthy lifestyle practices for their healthy and productive life in future

Effect of task specific circuit training on Gait parameters and mobility in stroke survivors

Objective of the study was to investigate effects of task specific circuit gait training to improve gait parameters and mobility among sub-acute and chronic stroke patients. A randomized control trial was conducted on stroke survivors of either gender being capable of standing 10 seconds and having 2-4 score on Rankin Modified Scale. Sample comprised of 30 participants randomly assigned into two groups. Training was given for a session of 40-50 minutes for 3-4 days/week for six weeks. Timed get up and go test [TUG], Cadence, Step Length and Step Width assessed measures of concern. The sample included 16 males and 14 females with mean age of 54.10 +/- 10.10 years. After six weeks, significant improvement was recorded in TUG [p=0.014]. Cadence [p=0.001], step length [p<0.001] and step width [p=0.009] were also significantly improved. Circuit gait training improves mobility and gait in stroke patients

Evaluation of anxiety and depression among medical students using duke health profile

Background: depression is an important health problem due to its prevalence and associated consequences. The life time prevalence of depression ranges between 10 to 21 % in population. According to the precipitation of the WHO, depression is estimated to become the second leading cause of dysfunction by the year 2020. Among medical students, academic stressors include the volume of material to be learned, academic performance and evaluation [examinations and continuous assessments]

Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted and the total of 300 Medical students from 18 to 25 years to age participated in this study. Students in this study were undergraduate students. Duke health profile were given to the students. Data analysis was done by using Chi square test

Results: 300 students from fourth year and final year were recruited for the study. Mean anxiety score was 35.4 SD + 19.9 with minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 99.6. Mean depression score was 35.9 SD + 21.8 with minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 100. Mean anxiety depression score was 28.8 SD + 33.8 with minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 100. Mental score was compared among medical students, 47.4% of fourth years and 34.2% of had severe mental stress [Score 75 - 100], Anxiety score was compared among medical students, 2.6% of fourth years and 3.4% of had severe anxiety [Score 75 - 100], Depression score was compared among medical students, 3.9% of fourth years and 5.5% of had severe depression [Score 75 - 100], 14.9% of fourth years and 18.5% of had moderate depression [Score 50 - 75]

Conclusion: anxiety score showed a little female predominance. Depression among medical students of fourth year was little more as compared to the final year students. Depression was more among male students than female students

Removal of malfunctioning biliary plastic stent via percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Obstructive jaundice is one of the most common presentations of pancreatic cancer. Often the patients present when curative surgical resection is not possible due to late diagnosis. In these cases, palliation is the only option available. However in such cases, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] is not possible because of surrounding extensive inflammation. This study describes percutaneous transhepatic external biliary drain placement in patients with cancer of pancreatic head when surgical removal is not possible

Antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms isolated from sputum culture of Karachi, Pakistan

Our study aims to contribute to developing antibiotics prescription guidelines at a national and a regional level directed by the antibiotics susceptibility patterns and rapidly emerging resistant organisms. This study is designed to observe the antimicrobial susceptibility in sputum culture isolates and drug resistance patterns against various antimicrobials. This was a retrospective cohort study; data was collected from two laboratories from 1st Jan to 15 July 2007. All laboratory reports were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0.The sputum culture was found positive for microbial growth in 217 reports out of 864 total [25.11%]. The leading organisms were 25.8% Klebsiella pneumoniae, 23.5% Streptococcus pneumoniae, 18% Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 12.9% Staphylococcus aureus. S.pneumoniae and S.aureus were sensitive to the combination of beta lactam antibiotics and anti-beta lactamase while K.pneumoniae and P. aureginosa were susceptible to fluoroquinolones, macrolides and aminoglycosides. The total yield of sputum culture was 25.11%. The gram positive cocci which were isolated were mostly resistant to beta lactam antibiotics alone i.e. only 45% of S. pneumoniae and 33% of S.aureus were sensitive to Amoxicillin alone. Sensitivity to Co-amoxiclav was still high. 90% and 85% of S. pneumonia and S.aureus respectively were sensitive to Co-amoxiclav. The P.aeruginosa resistance to Amikacin in our study is 10%

Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor with poor outcome

Primary Hepatic Carcinoid Tumor [PHCT] represents an extremely rare clinical entity with only a few cases reported to date. These tumors are rarely associated with metastasis and surgical resection is usually curative. Herein, we report two cases of PHCT associated with poor outcomes due to late diagnosis. Both cases presented late with non-specific symptoms. One patient presented after a 2-week history of symptoms and the second case had a longstanding two years symptomatic interval during which he remained undiagnosed and not properly worked up. Both these cases were diagnosed with hepatic carcinoid tumor, which originates from neuroendocrine cells. Case 1 opted for palliative care and expired in one month's time. Surgical resection was advised to the second case, but he left against medical advice

Low levels of vitamin D[3] in people of Karachi - needs to be readdressed

Objective: The aim of this study is to see the frequency of vitamin D and its impact on the sample population

Study Design: Descriptive / cross sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Trauma and General Hospital, Karachi from January 2014 to June 2015

Materials and Methods: 205 patients were included in the study. Participants were assessed according to predesigned questionnaire. All patients were subjected to have complete blood count, serum calcium, phosphorous, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, SGPT, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels along with X-rays of hip joint and femur

Results: Out of total 205 patients, 12.7% were males and 87.3% were females. Mean age was 41.32 +/- 15.225 years. 5.9% had normal levels of Vitamin D[3], while 60.5%, 27% and 6.5% showed mild, moderate and severe deficiency. Serum calcium and phosphorous were deficient in 20.4% and 31.9% respectively. Serum alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone were normal in most of the participants. The deficiency of Vitamin D[3] was mostly due to reduced sun exposure and excessive clothing [86.8%] while 8.3% showed malabsorption. This deficiency caused bone pains, and muscle pains in 55.6%, and 17.6% respectively. But none of the patient had any fracture

Conclusion: Levels of Vitamin D[3] are low in most of the people of Karachi but without any gross deformity. It is advisable to readdress the daily requirement of vitamin D bring the awareness among people regarding sun exposure and daily use of vitamin D supplements

Comparison between Captopril and Imidapril in relation to their in vitro effects on tracheal tissue

Objective: To observe two drugs [captopril and imidapril] action on smooth muscle tone of trachea and to facilitate safe and rational use of ACE inhibitors, particularly in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease

Study Design: Comparative controlled in-vitro experimental Study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Pharmacology Department, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi from December 2012 to May 2013

Materials and Method: First the effect of bradykinin acetate on the smooth muscle of trachea has been observed. Cumulative concentration-effect relationship was studied with different concentrations of bradykinin on the smooth muscle starting with 22 micro g to 132 micro g/dl. The method was done again with captopril 10[-5] M concentration and imidapril 10[-5] M respectively. In second set of experiments cumulative concentration-response curves were prepared by increasing concentrations of captopril and imidapril separately with fixed concentration of bradykinin 66 micro g/dl

Results: Dose related vacillating contraction of smooth muscle of trachea is produced by bradykinin. The average value of effect received with 132 micro g/dl of bradykinin in the presence of captopril was 51.33 +/- 2.79 and in the presence of imidapril was 25 +/- 7.26. All these ACE inhibitors displaced the concentration effect curves of bradykinin to left and upward. On comparison among themselves it was observed that imidapril produced least enhancement of tracheal contraction. Similar results were produced by second set of experiments

Conclusion: Imidapril is found to cause least enhancement of contraction caused by bradykinin on tracheal muscle. Further clinical trials may be conducted to establish the differential effects of various clinically used ACE inhibitors on the respiratory passages in hypertensive patients concomitantly suffering from COAD

Successful treatment of giant left subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm abutting the arch of the aorta and descending aorta

A 28-year-old woman presented with 3-month history of fever of unknown origin and progressively increasing cough. She was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis on bronchial lavage cultures. A chest X-ray performed on follow-up showed a new opacity in the left apical area of the chest. Computed tomography scan of chest showed a large 10 cm pseudoaneurysm of the left subclavian artery 1 cm from its take off from the arch of the aorta. The pseudoaneurysm was approached through a left posterolateral thoracotomy and opened following a proximal and distal control. A 3 cm longitudinal defect was identified in the subclavian artery within its intrathoracic portion. This was debrided and repaired with an autologous pericardial patch. The patient had an uneventful recovery and remained well on follow-up

Ureteroscopy for management of ureteric stones in children - a single centre experience

Objective: To determine the outcomes of pediatric patients who underwent ureteroscopic removal of ureteric stones in terms of stone free rates and complications

Study Design: Descriptive case series

Place and Duration of Study: Urology Department at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2012 to December 2014

Methodology: A retrospective analysis of 37 patients, who underwent ureteroscopy for the treatment of ureteral calculi at the study centre, was conducted. Data regarding mean stone size, stone location, stone clearance and complications was recorded on specified proforma. Data was analysed on SPSS version 16

Results: Thirty-seven children with mean age of 8.36 +/- 5.17 years were included. Twenty-five [67.6%] patients were male, whereas 12 [32.4%] patients were female. Mean stone size was 10.01 +/- 6.24 mm. Location-wise 25 [67.56%] patients had upper ureteric stones, 5 [13.5%] patients had mid ureteric stones and 7[18.9%] patients had distal ureteric stones. Twenty two [59.5%] children underwent one procedure, while 15 [40.5%] children underwent relook ureteroscopies. Second relook ureteroscopy was done in 13/25 [52%] patients, 1/5 [20%] patient and 1/7 [14.28%] patient in upper, mid and lower ureteric stones, respectively. Overall stone clearance rate was 35/37 [94.59%] after first procedure. Mean operative time was 52.54 +/- 12.39 minutes. Urosepsis was seen in 2 patients. No major complications were seen. After the second URS procedure, stone free rate was 100%

Conclusion: Ureteroscopy is a safe and effective procedure in children in terms of stone free rate and complications

Benign migratory glossitis - A neglected oral health issue in pakistan

Objective: To investigate the frequency of benign migratory glossitis [BMG] and its association with medical conditions

Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional and multicenter study was carried out in Karachi and Hyderabad city.A total of 2022 dental patients of 10-80 years of age were included. After taking verbal informed consent, clinical examinations and proforma was filled chair side. Descriptive and comparative analysis were done using SPSS version 23 and Chi-square test was the choice of analysis to test the significance of the undertaken objectives

Results: Frequency of BMG was found to be 33[1.6%]. Higher predilection was seen in females 21[1.03%] as compared to males 12 [0.59%]. 10[5.8%] cases were found in 51-60 years of age group followed by 9 cases in 31-40 years. The most common affected site was dorsal surface of the tongue 29 [87.88%]. Cross tabulation of BMG with medical condition revealed presence of BMG in 3hypertensives and 1 diabetes mellitus patient. Remaining 29 cases were not suffering from any medical condition.The association of BMG with fissured tongue was also investigated and found statistically significant in 11[33.3%] cases with a p-value [P<0.001]

Conclusion: Frequency of BMG was found to be 1.6%. Majority of cases of BMG did not have any association with medical conditions. Fissured tongue was found in statistically significant number of BMG cases

Protective potential of trachyspermum ammi seeds in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbit model / Potencial de protección de las semillas trachyspermum ammi en la nefrotoxicidad inducida por la gentamicina en modelo de conejo

Nephrotoxicity is one of the most important side effects and therapeutic limitations of aminoglycoside antibiotics, especially gentamicin. Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity involves free radical generation, reduction in antioxidant defense mechanism and renal dysfunction. A number of crude herbal extracts have potential to ameliorate gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity due to presence of various antioxidant compounds. Therefore the goal of current study was to evaluate the protective activity of T. ammi seeds aqueous extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rabbits. The results showed that gentamicin caused severe alterations in serum biochemical parameters and kidney markers along with severe alterations in kidney tissues. However, T. ammi extract, when given along with gentamicin, reversed the severity of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by normalizing the indicators of kidney function e.g. serum urea, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, albumin and serum electrolyte parameters indicating the nephroprotective potential of T. ammi. Similarly the extract has ability to augment the endogenous antioxidant enzymatic machinery by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase and by reducing the total oxidant status. Nephroprotective potential was further confirmed by the histopathological examination. Nephroprotective potential might be due to the presence of antioxidative polyphenolic compounds in aqueous extract of T. ammi seeds.

La nefrotoxicidad es uno de los efectos secundarios más importantes limitaciones terapéuticas de los antibióticos aminoglucósidos, especialmente gentamicina. La nefrotoxicidad inducida por gentamicina implica generación de radicales libres, la reducción en el mecanismo de defensa antioxidante y la disfunción renal. Una serie de extractos de hierbas crudas tienen potencial para mejorar la nefrotoxicidad inducida por gentamicina debido a la presencia de varios compuestos antioxidantes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la actividad protectora del extracto acuoso semillas de T. ammi contra la nefrotoxicidad inducida por gentamicina en conejos albinos. Los resultados mostraron que la gentamicina causó graves alteraciones en los parámetros bioquímicos séricos y los marcadores de riñón, junto con alteraciones severas en los tejidos renales. Sin embargo, el extracto de T. ammi, cuando se administra junto con la gentamicina, invierte la gravedad de la nefrotoxicidad inducida por gentamicina por la normalización de los indicadores de la función renal, por ejemplo, urea sérica, creatinina, nitrógeno ureico en sangre, albúmina y los parámetros de electrolitos séricos que indican el potencial nefroprotector de T. ammi. Del mismo modo, el extracto tiene la capacidad para aumentar la maquinaria enzimática antioxidante endógena mediante un aumento de la actividad de la enzima antioxidante catalasa y reduciendo el estado total de oxidante. El potencial nefroprotector fue confirmado por el examen histopatológico. El potencial nefroprotector podría ser debido a la presencia de compuestos polifenólicos antioxidantes en el extracto acuoso de semillas de T. Ammi.