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Background & Objective: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a chronic disease. It isone of the important causes of increasing morbidity and mortality in India, which is now known as ‘Capital of Diabetes’. It affects all the major systems in the body bringing down the quality of life of the patient. Objective is to assess the Three - minute walk distance in patients and to compare it with the age and gender matched healthy controls. Methodology: A cross- sectional tertiary care Government hospital based study was conducted in forty diagnosed patients of type 2 DM taking oral hypoglycemics, aged between 40-60 years. All the patients were thoroughly interviewed by a well structured questionnaire, which included personal details as well as the history of complications. 3- Minute walk test was conducted, as per the standardized technique in diabetic patients as well as age and gender matched healthy controls. The distance was compared by applying unpaired t test. Results: The mean 3-minute walk distance in patients of type 2 DM was 139.55±54.90 meters as compared to controls which was 200.01± 45.40 meters. The decrease in distance was statistically highly significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus affects walking distance of the patient bringing down the quality of life. These findings are useful for targeting the importance of treatment of diabetes, which needs to be addressed with priority to improve the quality of life.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases globally. Diabetic neuropathy is the most common & troublesome complication. But exact pathogenesis is not yet known. Comparatively there are few studies showing relation between glycemic status & diabetic neuropathy. Hence present study was conducted, which was aimed to assess the same in lower limbs in type 2 DM. Methods: 60 type 2 diabetes mellitus male patients were selected from diabetic OPD. 30 were having glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6%-9% (group B), 30 were having HbA1c > 9% (group C). They were compared with age and sex matched 30 normal healthy controls (group A). Conduction velocity and amplitude of bilateral sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) and peroneal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) were recorded. Glycated hemoglobin was measured using ion exchange resin method. Results: Group B and group C had significantly lesser means of conduction velocity and amplitude of sural SNAP (p<0.001) and peroneal CMAP (p<0.05) as compared to group A. Hb A1c had statistically significant negative correlation with conduction velocity and amplitude of sural SNAP (p<0.001) as well as peroneal CMAP (p<0.001). Conclusions: This study shows that diabetic patients with higher blood glucose levels are at increased risk of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy in lower limbs worsens with increasing blood glucose levels. Hence stringent action has to be taken at an early stage to control blood glucose levels. Also, patients should be encouraged for regular follow up and strict glycemic control.
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Introduction: Inferior vena cava also known as posterior vena cava is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the part of the body below the diaphragm into right atrium of the heart. Formation of the Inferior vena cava is a complex process resulting in numerous but rare anomalies. Knowledge of caval anomalies is very important to radiologists, surgeons and urologists who are dealing with abdominal cavity. During retroperitoneal surgery any inadvertent injury to these anomalous veins leads to significant haemorrhage. Material and method: In present study, 20 human cadavers were dissected during routine dissection during the year of 2011- 2012 in anatomy department at AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad. Observation and discussion: Anomalies of inferior vena cava were found in 2 male cadavers with ages range from 40-60 years. In both cadavers double inferior vena cava was present. Conclusion: The occurrence of this variation of inferior vena cava is about 0.2-3% in the population .Anomalies of IVC are rare and are consequences of its complex mode of development. The knowledge of anomalies of inferior vena cava is important in diagnostic and surgical approaches. In our study, in two cadavers out of 20, we found double inferior vena cava during routine dissection.
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Background & objectives: There are very few studies that have investigated the muscle strength and endurance of upper limbs (UL) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We undertook this study to measure and compare the skeletal muscle strength and endurance of UL in COPD patients and age matched healthy controls and to study the association between lung function parameters and UL muscle strength and endurance. Methods: Forty one COPD patients and 45 height and weight matched healthy subjects of the same age group were studied. UL skeletal muscle strength and endurance were measured using the hand grip dynamometer test. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), forced expiratory flow during 25-75% FVC (FEF25-75%) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured. The handgrip muscle strength and endurance between the two groups were compared and correlations between FVC and FEV1 with muscle strength and endurance were analyzed. Results: The mean handgrip strength and mean muscle endurance in COPD patients were significantly lesser than the normal subjects in both males and females (P<0.001). There was significant positive correlation between muscle strength and FVC in males (r2=0.32, P<0.05); and between muscle strength and FEV1 in females (r2=0.20, P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusion: The study showed that the handgrip muscle strength decreases as the FVC and FEV1 decrease in patients with COPD. Identifying those patients who have reduced strength and endurance will allow early interventions targeted at improving the quality of life of the patient.
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Background: Medical education has become dynamic and challenging. But teaching time has remained the same, In fact it is reduced to one year for I M.B.B.S. Though the curriculum is meant for I MBBS students, they were never involved directly in planning the curriculum and assessment methods. So this study is an effort to throw some light on what students feel about the current scenario. Materials and Method: Input from 200 I MBBS students were collected by using a questionnaire comprising of questions relating to the curriculum, teaching methodology and assessment techniques in the Department of Physiology at B. J. Medical College, Pune. Results :50% students felt that the duration of I MBBS should be 10-12 months while 31% felt that it should remain same (8-10 months). Regarding most enjoyable way of learning 46% students said Practical’s are most enjoyable way of learning followed by Lectures (30%).About the usefulness of various teaching aids, 71% students felt that PowerPoint presentations are most helpful for understanding the topic. Students strongly felt that one system should be taught by single teacher (78.5%).For clinical demonstration in physiology, 55% students think ratio of teacher to student should be 1:25. Regarding assessment, 70% students felt that it should be at the end of each system. As far as the mode of assessment is concerned, 53% students felt that short answer questions are the most effective way of theory assessment Conclusion :Planning about the duration of course, teaching methodology and assessment techniques can be revised taking into consideration the student’s opinion.
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Introduction: Stature of an individual is one of the most important characteristics of identification which is required in medico legal practice quite often. There is direct relationship between anthropometric characteristics and sex, shape and form of an individual. Stature estimation is usually based on measurement of long bones. Ulna is a very useful bone for this purpose. Material and Methods : In this paper, attempts are made for the estimation of the stature of native of Gujarat state at Smt NHL Municipal medical college, Ahmedabad using “Percutaneous ulnar length” in year 2010-2011. Four hundred and fifty ( 450 ) healthy adults ( 245 Males and 205 Females) aged between 17-30 years who are medical students, paramedical students and staff members of Smt. N.H.L. Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad were studied and measurement of stature and percutaneous ulnar length was done for each of them. The ulnar length was measured from tip of olecrenon process to the distal margin of the head of ulna (palpable on the dorsum of the wrist) with forearm flexed and semi pronated and the hand in the neutral position. Observation and Results : We found that the difference in age of Males and Females was statistically not significant with p>0.05 but the difference in Mean stature between Males and Females and the difference in Mean Ulnar length between Males and Females was statistically highly significant (p<0.001).Simple linear regression equations are derived in the study for estimation of height of Males and Females based on length of Ulna.Conclusion : It was concluded that the estimation of Stature among the population can be carried out using measurements of Ulna and there is positive correlation between Stature and Length of Ulna in a particular population.
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Background: The complications associated with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) may cause functional impairment in older people. Recently it has been proved that motor dysfunction in the form of skeletal muscle dysfunction does occur in type II DM. However very few studies have assessed the upper limb skeletal muscle dysfunction. Objectives: The study was aimed to assess the hand grip strength, endurance in type 2 DM patients and compare the same with age matched healthy controls. We also correlated glycosylated Hb and duration of illness with the hand grip strength and endurance in the patients. Materials and Methods: Hand grip dynamometer was used to measure the hand grip strength and endurance in sixty diagnosed patients of type II DM. Similar tests were performed in age matched healthy controls. Blood samples were collected for blood glucose fasting, postprandial levels and Hb1AC in both the groups. Comparisons between patients and controls, and correlations were done by applying suitable tests. Results: The hand grip muscle strength and endurance in type II DM patients were significantly lower as compared to the normal controls (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). There was no correlation between the hand grip muscle strength and endurance with HbA1c and the duration of the disease in the patients of type II DM (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The present study shows that type II DM patients suffer from skeletal muscle dysfunction in the form of reduced hand grip strength and endurance. Hence the treating Physician should not be ignorant about these disabilities. In addition to the strict measures to control the blood glucose levels, interventions to improve the muscle mass and strength in these patients should be undertaken.