RESUMEN
Background: Fluoride in groundwater is more common in crystalline igneous rocks and alkaline soils located in semiarid climate, which exist in the northwestern parts of the Jharkhand state in the district of Garhwa and Palamu. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the intelligent quotient among children affected with and without dental fluorosis visiting dental college in the Garhwa district. Methods: The present prospective study comprised of 30 subjects selected randomly in the age group of 6-12 years visiting Vananchal dental college & hospital, Garhwa. The study compared IQ levels of children of study and control groups by means of Seguin Form Board Test. Data so obtained was statistically analyzed using Student ‘t’ test with p value <0.05 as significant value. Results: Regarding drinking water source, 45% was drinking groundwater among study group. Mean scores for average timing category was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) among children with dental fluorosis (29±2.87) than among children without dental fluorosis (27±3.02). Conclusion: The present study concludes that children with dental fluorosis have low Intelligence Quotient (IQ) than children without dental fluorosis. About half of the patients suffering from dental fluorosis were dependent on groundwater for drinking purposes. Fluoride water level of villages located in these regions should be selected in priority for application of defluoridation measures.
RESUMEN
Background: Tobacco comprises of one of the most common addiction in the society. All the forms of the tobacco are harmful, causing alterations in the cellular parameters of the oral mucosal cells. A number of techniques and methods are available along with chair side examination for supplementing the diagnosis of tobacco induced premalignant lesions. Exfoliative cytology is one such technique, which is non-invasive and can be used for mass screening. Therefore, we evaluated the cytological and cytomorphometric changes in the oral squames using brush biopsy from buccal mucosa of tobacco users. Methods: A total of 300 patients with age group of 25 to 60 years were included in the study. Detailed history of the patients were taken to known the method (smoking, smokeless or both) and frequency of tobacco intake. Scrapings from the buccal mucosal scrape were obtained, smeared on slides and were subsequently stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Observation and analyses of the smears was done under microscope followed by analysis in the computer using software Dewinter Biowizard version 3.0. various cellular parameters were assessed and compared in between different groups. Patients were divided into two major groups- Habituers and Nonhabituers. The habituers were again divided into: Tobacco smokers, Tobacco chewers and patients having combined habit. Independent-Samples T Test and One-Way ANOVA were used to assess the level of significance. Results: Significant results were obtained while comparing nuclear parameter, cellular area, cellular perimeter, cell contour and nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio in between lesional group and tobacco smoking group. While comparing between tobacco smoking group and Non habituers group, significant results were obtained in all the parameters except for cell contour and N/C ratio. Significant results were obtained while comparing between lesions and combined habit groups. While comparing between habituers and non- habituers group, except for cell contour significant results were obtained in all other cellular parameters. Conclusion: Early changes detection in clinically normal oral mucosa of tobacco users is possible by using non-invasive, painless procedures like oral brush biopsy and cytomorphometry. Further studies recommended.