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Objective To explore the progress on the application of in vivo drug analysis techniques in clinical pharmacy work. Methods Relevant literature was reviewed to provide an overview of the characteristics of clinical samples, common in vivo drug analysis methods used in the clinic, the application and existing problems of in vivo drug analysis in clinical pharmacy. Results and Conclusion In recent years, with the increasing demand for individualized and precise treatment in clinical practice and the continuous development of analytical techniques, in vivo drug analysis techniques have been widely used in clinical pharmacy work, which have become one of the important auxiliary techniques to promote rational clinical drug use, improve individualized treatment and reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions. However, in the actual application, there were still problems such as the invasive blood sampling that hinders sampling, the weak ability to interpret drug monitoring results and clinical testing methods that still need to be improved. These problems should be taken seriously and continuously improved and solved in the subsequent research and application.
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OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for standardization and improvement of teaching model for endocrinology speciality in community clinical pharmacists training base. METHODS： Based on the requirments of community clinical pharmacists training in Shanghai， the characteristics and contents of community clinical pharmacists training were summarized， and teaching characteriatiostics， effect evaluation and problems werer analyzed on the basis of the acutual situation in our hospital. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： Community clinical pharmacists training has the characteristics of training for chronic diseases， short training cycle， and support from the medical consortium platform. Its contents are theoretical learning and professional knowledge training， pharmaceutical care and medication education， case discussion， homework guidance and comment. Compared with other specility， endocrinology speciality has the characteristics of strengthening comprehensive pharmaceutical care （for example， pharmaceutical care of diabetic patients should pay attention not only to hypoglycemia， but also to hypobaric， hypolipidemic and complications）， emphasizing medication treatment management （MTM） teaching （provide a series of professional services such as medication education， counseling and guidance， and medical reorganization for patients， so as to improve the safety， effectiveness and compliance of medication， and then control blood glucose， delay or avoid complications）， emphasizing the cultivation of health education ability and communication ability. The evaluation of training effect included the evaluation of trainees and teachers. The former includes objective evaluation （theoretical knowledge test， bedside medication education assessment and homework assessment） and subjective evaluation （attendance， attitude， clinical practice performance）. The latter is mainly scored by trainees on teachers （including professional level， teaching attitude， teaching ability and content）. Through the training， it is found that the trainees’ literature retrieval ability is poor， the trainees have not clear idea to diabetic patients， the homework writing and typesetting are not standardized； the teaching teachers have less experience and teachers could not teach the students in accordance with their aptitude and provide individualized training. The training and teaching mode needed to be further improved.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for promoting the further implementation of national essential medicine system and rational use of drugs in community health service center. METHODS:Outpatients’information in Changqiao Street Communi-ty Health Service Center from Sept. 2,2009 to Nov. 25,2014 was collected to statistically analyze the drug variety,the number of prescriptions,the consumption sum and the DDDs before and after the implementation of essential medicine system and after the supplement of non essential medicines. RESULTS:Essential medicines occupied the main position of drug utilization in each stage, with substantial growth in respects of consumption sum and number of prescriptions;the sum of Chinese patent drugs and essential cardiovascular drugs occupied more than 50% of the total consumption sum and number of prescriptions,with higher growth rate;essential medicines occupied the top 10 in respects of consumption sum and DDDs,among which most were the drug varieties in“Shanghai supplement essential drugs in community health service center”(2010 Edition),with some overlap the varieties in“Na-tional Essential Medicine System”(2012 Edition);cardio-cerebrovascular drugs occupied the dominant position;the growth rates of cefotiam and atorvastatin took up the top 2 ranking in the list of consumption sum,while the growth rates of calcium carbonate D3 and irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide took up the top 2 ranking in the list of DDDs. CONCLUSIONS:Essential medicine cata-log covers the common drugs in the community health service center,in which the rational use of Chinese patent drugs and antibac-terial deserves needs to be noticed. The clinical rational use of the essential medicines should be strengthened,the essential medi-cine catalog should be adjusted and non essential medicines should be supplied when necessary in order to truly meet the needs of patients and optimize the allocation of medical resources.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacodynamics of Compound xiangqi granules in vitiligo model guinea pigs. METH-ODS:The vitiligo guinea pigs model was established by chemical decolorization with hydrogen peroxide. Then guinea pigs were randomly divided into 5 groups after modeling,including model control group (water),vitiligo capsules group [positive control, 50 mg/(kg·d)] and Compound xiangqi granules low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose groups [25,100,and 400 mg/(kg·d)]. They were given related medicines intragastrically once a day for 40 days. The distribution of skin melanin and the number of black hair follicle were observed,and cholinesterase (ChE) activity,malondialdehyde (MDA) content of plasma and hemorheology in-dexes were detected. Blank control group had also been established. RESULTS:Compared with blank control group,the distribu-tion of skin melanin,the number of black hair follicle and ChE activity decreased in model control group,while plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity and hematocrit increased significantly,and erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreased significantly;there was statistical significance(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with model control group,except erythrocyte sedimentation rate and hema-tocrit of low-dose group,above indicators of positive control group and Compound xiangqi granules low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose groups were all improved;there was statistical significance(P<0.05 or P<0.01),showing good effectiveness-dose rela-tionship. CONCLUSIONS:Compound xiangqi granules improve relative indicators of experimental vitiligo model guinea pigs effec-tively.