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Objective To grasp the current situation of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis in Shandong Province,and provide a scientific basis for formulating preventive strategies.Methods In 2016,according to the "National Surveillance Scheme of Drinking Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis" and "Shandong Provincial Surveillance Scheme of Drinking Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis",10 counties (cities,districts) were selected in Shandong Province,3-5 villages were selected in each county (city,district),to investigate the operation of water improvement and fluorine reduction project and the water fluorine,and 1 tap water sample in each village was collected to detect water fluorine.At the same time,dental fluorosis examination was performed on all children aged 8-12 years old and fluorosis X-ray examination was performed on adults aged ≥25 years old.Water fluorine was detected by ion selective electrode method;the water fluorine was determined according to "Standards for Drinking Water Quality" (GB 5749-2006);criteria for diagnosis,grading and epidemic intensity of dental fluorosis were based on "Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis" (WS/T 208-2011);the diagnostic and grading criteria for skeletal fluorosis were based on the "Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis" (WS 192-2008).Results All the 32 villages in 10 counties (cities,districts) changed water,water improvement and fluorine reduction project ran normally,24 villages had qualified water fluorine (≤ 1.20 mg/L),and 8 villages had water fluorine exceeding the standard.The detection rate of dental fluorosis in children was 25.75％ (419/1 627),and the difference between 10 counties (cities,districts) was statistically significant (x2 =288.55,P ＜ 0.01);the dental fluorosis index was 0.48,and the defect rate was 2.77％ (45/1 627).The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis in adults was 4.72％ (72/1 525),and the difference between 10 counties (cities,districts) was statistically significant (x2 =18.83,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The problem of water fluorine exceeding the standard in water improvement and fluorine reduction project in Shandong Province is still serious.The condition of fluorosis has not been fully controlled,and the prevention and treatment measures need to be further strengthened.
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Objective To understand the implementation effects of control measures and the dynamic prevalence of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis in Shandong Province.Methods From 2013 to 2017 in Shandong Province drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas,in accordance with the method of simple random sampling,10 monitored counties were selected,10 water fluorine decreasing projects were investigated of its running effect,and water fluoride was detected.In each monitored county,3 villages in the diseased areas were selected as fixed monitored villages.If the monitored village had changed its water,the operation of the project would be investigated.If the monitored village had not changed the water,one water sample would be collected according to 5 directions of east,west,south,north and middle to determine the water fluorine.All children aged from 8 to 12 in the village were also examined for dental fluorosis.X-ray fluorosis and urinary fluorosis in adults aged over 25 were detected in 2013 and 2017.Results From 2013 to 2017,in monitored counties,the normal operation rate of improved-water defluoridation projects was 99.19％ (368/371),the qualified rate of water fluoride content was 66.85％ (248/371).In 128 improved water projects,the normal operation rate was 100.00％ (128/128),the qualified rate of water fluoride content was 67.19％ (86/128).The average detection rate of dental fluorosis and community fluorosis index (CFI) in children aged 8-12 were 33.92％ (2 608/7 689) and 0.68 in all monitored counties from 2013 to 2017.The detection rate presented a declining trend year by year (x2 =152.47 P ＜ 0.01).The average detection rate and CFI in the villages with normal operation projects and qualified fluoride content were 26.10％ (1 311/5 023) and 0.47.The detection rate presented a declining trend year by year (x2 =207.67 P ＜ 0.01).The detection rate and CFI in the villages with water improvement projects under abnormal operation or excessive fluoride were 48.65％ (1 297/2 666) and 0.90.The detection rate of dental fluorosis in the villages with normal operation projects and qualified fluoride content was lower than the rate of the villages with water improvement projects under abnormal operation or excessive fluoride (x2 =193.98,P ＜ 0.01).In 2013 and 2017,X-ray detection rates of skeletal fluorosis in adults aged over 25 were 8.04％ (119/1 481) and 6.04％ (81/1 342),respectively.The adult urinary fluoride geometric mean values (1.24,1.49 mg/L) were lower than the normal limit of 1.6 mg/L both in qualified villages of water ffuoride content and exceeding-standard villages in 2017.Conclusions In Shandong Province,the effective water improvement has acquired some effects in control of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis.But the water fluoride content of improved water defluoridation projects exceeds the national standard seriously and fluorosis has not been effectively controlled.
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Objective To construct expression vectors of calmodulin(CaM)mutants N2 and C2,and to express,purify,and identify the mutant proteins,in order to study the interactions between CaM and calcium channels. Methods The cDNA of N?lobe and C?lobe of CaM were used to prepare the cDNA of N2 and C2. Next,the recombinant cDNAs were cloned into a pGEX?6p?3 plasmid,and the recombinant plasmids were trans?ferred into E.coli BL21 cells. The transfected BL21 cells were stimulated with IPTG. The fusion proteins were extracted by ultrasonication and puri?fied by using GS?4B beads. Finally,protein activity was identified by the pull?down assay. Results Both the restriction digestion map and the DNA sequence identification results confirmed that the recombinant plasmids were successfully constructed. SDS?PAGE results showed high purity and concentration of N2 and C2 proteins. Their activities and binding abilities with the calcium channel fragment were confirmed by the pull?down assay.Conclusion In this study,expression vectors of N2 and C2 are successfully constructed,and physiologically active N2 and C2 CaM mutant proteins are obtained.
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Objective To construct a recombinant plasmid vector containing the distal fragment of the distal C-terminus (dDCT) of the Cav 1.2 channel,and express,extract,and purify dDCT protein and characterize its biological activity.Methods dDCT cDNA was ligated into the pGEX-6p-1 vector to create a recombinant plasmid that was subsequently transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 competent cells.Expression of GST-dDCT fusion protein from this plasmid was induced with isopropy-β-D-thiogalactoside,and the resulting protein was purified using glutathione-sepharose 4B beads.The biological activity of dDCT was analyzed by GST pull-down assay.Results The recombinant plasmid was verified by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing.The concentration and purity of the dDCT protein,which was extracted by ultrasonication,were high enough to detect dDCT activity.The binding of dDCT to CT1 was determined to be concentration-dependent.Conclusion The recombinant dDCT plasmid was successfully constructed,providing the fundamental basis for future studies on mechanisms of Cav 1.2 channel autoregulation.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study effects of autogenous femoral head bone grafting combined with total hip replacement for the treatment of old center dislocation of hip joint, and to evaluate the superiority of acetabular defect reconstruction with autogenous bone.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March 2008 to December 2013, 16 patients (16 hips) with old center dislocation of hip joint were treated with autologous bone graft combined with total hip replacement. There were 11 males and 5 females, ranging in age from 41 to 72 years old, with an average of 56.3 years old. The duration of the disease ranged from 3.6 to 37.2 years. Twelve patients had injuries caused by traffic accidents and 4 patients were caused by falling down. The hip joint pain at the first month after operation, Harris score and hip joint movement of all patients were observed by using electronic case follow-up system.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 11 to 78 months, with an average of 27.3 months. The postoperative hip joint movement of (56.2±23.4)° VAS 86.3±7.2 and Harris score 32.6±12.6 were all better than preoperative (181.8±17.6)°, 11.1±2.6 and 86.3±7.2. The joint pain was reduced and the function limitation was improved after operation, and the prosthesis position was good.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>When the autologous femoral head bone grafting combined with total hip arthroplasty is used to treat old hip central dislocation, the initial and long-term stability of acetabular bone grafting is good, and the technique can avoid allogeneic bone complications, bone source rationally and reduce the economic burden of patients.</p>