RESUMEN
Introduction: The kidneys—the main organs of the excretory system, are supplied by a paired renal artery, originating from the Abdominal Aorta at the level of a disc between L1 and L2 and drained by a paired renal vein exiting from the hilum of the kidney to the Inferior vena cava. Aim: To evaluate the morphology of renal vessels, their variations & clinical implications during renal surgeries in the subjects of the North India population by contrast-enhanced MDCT. Materials and Method: The present study was conceptualized & carried out in the Department of Anatomy, in collaboration with the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Santosh Medical College & Hospital, Ghaziabad and from Dr. O.P Gupta Imaging Centre, Meerut. This study was performed on the 108 patients who were referred for abdominal CECT examination with suspected abdominal pathologies. Contrast-enhanced MDCT scan images of the Abdomen were reviewed for normal anatomy of renal vessels and their variants. Result: Out of 108 patients, anatomical variations of the renal vessel were found in 72 (66.66%) patients. Variations of the renal artery were found in 56 patients (51.85%). Out of these 56 patients, 47 had supplementary renal artery, 17 had early branching of the renal artery and 8 patients had both supplementary and early branching of the renal artery. Supplementary renal arteries were seen in 15 patients on the right side, 16 patients on the left side & 16 patients bilaterally. Earlier branching of the renal artery was found in 9 patients on the right side, 10 patients on the left side and in 2 patients bilaterally. Variations of the renal vein were more commonly found on the right side, late renal vein confluence was seen in 28 (25.92%) patients and supplementary renal veins in 9 (8.3%) patients. On the left side, 2 (1.85%) patients had late renal vein confluence and 2 (1.85%) patients had retroaortic vein. Conclusion: Variations of the renal artery are found frequently. Morphological evaluation of renal vessels is useful for planning and performing the endovascular, laparoscopic and urological procedure.
RESUMEN
Background: Ectopic pregnancy, also called as tubal pregnancy, is one of the complications of pregnancy in which the extra-uterine implantation of embryo occurs. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is based mainly on ultrasonography (USG). The aim of the study is to decide which approach (trans vaginal or trans abdominal) is better to diagnose the ectopic pregnancy. Methods: The study was conducted on hundred patients in Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad. The duration of study was two years. The transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonographic findings were compared with the histopathology, which is considered as the gold standard. The data will be compared on the basis of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Results: Mean age of the patient was found to be 33.33±10.4. The maximum number of patients having increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy are those having parity of 1-3. The most common risk factor of the ectopic pregnancy is irregular bleeding (74%), followed by lower abdominal pain (52%). The most common finding, which helps in making the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, is presence of extra-uterine gestational sac (96%). The trans vaginal route diagnosed 84 cases correctly whereas trans abdominal method diagnosed 80 cases. The false negative results were more in trans abdominal (14) as compared to trans vaginal (10). Conclusion: The diagnosis of the ectopic pregnancy can be made with TVS alone but TAS should always be ued in conjunction with TVS.
RESUMEN
Background: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in India, affecting 5% of the country’s population. Urbanization and modernization has been associated with obesity in population of younger generation. The aim of the study was to find out variation in metabolic indicators (HDL, TG and anthropometric measurements) of normal overweight and obese undergraduate medical students. Methods: Total of 194 students took part in this study. Their height, weight and waist circumference were measured by standard methods. Their serum was estimated for HDL, TG and, fasting sugar on fully automatic Vitros 250 dry chemistry analyser from Orthoclinical diagnostics from Johnson & Johnson USA. Results: Over all females students were more overweight (Females 16% and Males 8%) and obese (F 18%, M 9%) as compared to males. Blood pressure, weight, waist circumference, HDL, and TG levels were more in overweight and obese group as compared to normal group. Conclusion: The results of the current study have shown an increasing trend of obesity and derangement of metabolic indicators among under graduate medical students.