A study of malnutrition and associated risk factors among children of age 06-59 months in rural area of Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh

Background: “Malnutrition is a silent emergency”. Malnutrition is not only an important cause of childhood mortality and morbidity, but also leads to permanent impairment of both physical and mental growth of those who survive. Aims & Objectives: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition and association with various risk factors among children of age 06-59 months in rural area of Jabalpur district Madhya Pradesh. Material and Methods: Study was conducted among 517 children of age group 06-59 months in two randomly selected blocks of Jabalpur District. Multistage random sampling technique was used. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data and anthropometric measurements were done. Data analysis was done using Epi Info™ 7.1.5 and SPSS 20.0 (free trial version). Result: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were found to be 35.8%, 41.4% and 19.7% respectively while the prevalence of obese and overweight was 2.7% & 5.6% respectively. Children born with low birth weight, having higher birth order, more number of siblings, those with incomplete immunization status and inappropriate feeding practices were associated with malnutrition. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the multiple risk factors for childhood malnutrition requiring multisectoral approach to fight against this silent killer.

Male breast cancer: A single institute experience.

BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease and accounts for 1% of all breast cancers. There is limited data on MBC from India. The aim of our study was to assess clinico‑pathological parameters and outcome in MBC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This analysis was carried out in 76 patients of MBC who were registered at Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital of All India Institute Of Medical Sciences between 1996 and 2012. Patients’ records were retrospective reviewed and data obtained from the computer database using International Classification of Diseases code (C‑50). RESULTS: The median age was 59 years (range: 28‑80). The median duration of symptoms was 11 months (range: 0.5‑40). Breast lump was the most common presenting symptom (left > right side). American Joint Committee on Cancer (7th edition) stage distribution was Stage I‑2.6%, Stage II‑13.1%, Stage III‑59.3% and Stage IV‑25%. Modified radical mastectomy was the commonest surgical procedure. Moreover, 30% of tumors were high‑grade and 70% had pathological node positive disease. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu positivity was 80% and 28%, respectively. Triple negative breast cancer constituted 19% of cases. With a median follow‑up of 36 months, 3 years relapse free survival and overall survival was 60% and 80%. Advanced stage and visceral metastasis at baseline predicted poor outcome. CONCLUSION: MBC constituted 0.8% at our institute. Our study population had a longer time to presentation, advanced disease at presentation, more HER2/neu positivity and triple negativity higher than the available literature.

Young breast cancer: A single center experience.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer in women aged less than 35 years is uncommon and accounts for 1‑2% of all breast cancer in the West. There is a paucity of data on young breast cancer from India. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, pathological, prognostic factors and outcome in young breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This analysis was performed in 251 patients aged <35 years or less (defined as breast cancer in the young), who were registered at our institute over an 11 year period between 2001 and 2011. RESULTS: The median age was 31 years (range 18‑35). Positive family history (siblings and parents) was elicited in only 10 patients. The TNM stage distribution was: Stage I was 2.5%, stage II ‑ 20.5%, stage III ‑ 55% and stage IV - 22%. The median clinical tumor size was 5.1 cm. Modified radical mastectomy was the most common surgical procedure and this was done in 79% of cases. 40% of tumors were high grade and 60% had pathological node positive disease. Estrogen and Progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu positivity were 33% and 29% respectively. Triple negative breast cancer constituted 31% of patients. With a median follow‑up of 30 months, 3 years relapse free survival and overall survival was 51% and 66%. CONCLUSION: Young women constituted 8% of breast cancer cases. Advanced disease at presentation and triple negativity (nearly one third of patients) results poor outcome.

Pregnancy associated breast cancer: An institutional experience.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy‑associated breast cancer (PABC) has been defined as breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or within 1 year of delivery. There is a paucity of data on PABC from India. The aim of our study was to assess the clinical‑pathological parameters and outcome of PABC at Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We screened approximately 3,750 cases registered from January 2001 to December 2012 and found 26 cases of PABC. Patients’ records were obtained from the computer database using International Classification of Diseases code (C‑50). RESULTS: The median age was 26 years (range 20‑35). The median duration of symptoms was 11.5 months. The American Joint Committee on Cancer stage distribution was Stage I ‑ 1, Stage II ‑ 3, Stage III ‑ 14 and in Stage IV ‑ 8 patients. Median clinical tumor size is 5.5 cm. Four patients were presented with the inflammatory breast cancer. Positive family history was elicited in three patients. Twenty‑one patients were diagnosed after delivery, two patients in the first trimester, two patients in the second trimester and three patients in the third trimester. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) negativity and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) positivity was 56% and 38%, respectively. Nearly, 40% of patients had a high‑grade tumor and 70% had pathological node positivity. With a median follow‑up of 33 months, 3 years relapse free survival and overall survival was 40% and 50% respectively. Bone was the most common site for systemic relapse. CONCLUSIONS: PABC constituted 0.7% of all breast cancer patients. It is associated with advanced stage at presentation. Half of them were ER/PR negative and one‑third was HER2/neu positive.

Triple‑negative breast cancer: An institutional analysis.

AIM: Triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the lack of expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2)/neu. It has been identified as an independent poor prognostic factor for survival. The aim of this study was to compare the clinico‑pathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with TNBC and non‑TNBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out an analysis of 706 patients with invasive breast cancer between January 2007 and December 2011 in whom information on the status of ER, PR, and HER2/neu were available. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty‑five patients (21.9%) patients had TNBC. Patients with TNBC had a significantly lower median age [46.2 vs. 49.8 years; P = 0.005, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98 to 2.38] and a higher proportion of high‑grade tumors as compared to the non‑TNBC group (43 vs. 24%; P < 0.0001). After a median follow‑up of 30 months, the three‑year relapse‑free survival (RFS) was significantly lower in the TNBC group (76 vs. 64%; log rank P = 0.002). Three‑year overall survival (OS) was lower in the TNBC group but not statistically significant. Age <49 years, higher nodal stage, and larger tumor size (>5 cm) were associated with poor outcome. CONCLUSION: TNBC is significantly associated with younger age and high‑grade tumors and constitutes 21.9% of all breast cancers in our institute. Triple negativity was a significantly poor prognostic factor for RFS but not OS.

Clinical and pathological response rates of docetaxel-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer and comparison with anthracycline-based chemotherapies: Eight-year experience from single centre.

Introduction: The administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) prior to local therapy is advantageous for women with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC), since it can render inoperable tumors resectable and can increase rates of breast conservative surgeries. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed LABC patients who received NACT from January 2000 to December 2007. Out of 3000 case records screened, 570 (19%) were LABC and 110/570 (19%) treatment-naïve patients started on NACT were analyzed. Ninety-one (37 docetaxel [D], 54 anthracycline [A]) patients were eligible for response and survival analysis. Pathological complete remission (pCR) was defined as no evidence of malignancy in both breast and axilla. Results: Median age of the whole cohort was 45 years (range 25-68 years). Premenopausal were 42% and estrogen receptor + 49.5%. Most (90%) were T4 tumors and 70% were Stage IIIB. Median numbers of preoperative cycles were six and three in the D and A group respectively. Overall clinical response rates for breast primary were 74.3% and 53.7% (CR 28.6% vs. 16.7%, P=0.58) while for axilla ORR were 75.7% vs. 54.8% (51.4% vs. 40.4% CR, P=0.77) respectively for D and A. Corresponding pCR rates were 19% vs. 13% respectively. There was no significant difference in disease-free (three-year 56.84% vs. 61.16%, P=0.80) and overall survival (three-year 70% vs. 78.5%, P=0.86) between the two groups. Conclusions: Although pCR rates were higher with docetaxel-based NACT, it did not translate into superior disease-free survival / overall survival compared to anthracycline-based chemotherapies.

Outcome of combined modality treatment including neoadjuvant chemotherapy of 128 cases of locally advanced breast cancer: Data from a tertiary cancer center in northern India.

Background: Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in many parts of India and the incidence varies from 12 to 31/100000, and is rising. Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) accounts for 30 - 35% of all cases of breast cancers in India. LABC continues to present a challenge and imposes a major health impact in our country. Materials and Methods: We carried out a analysis of our LABC patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) at our hospital over a 10-year period, from January 1995 to December 2004. We analyzed the response to NACT, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: Patients with stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC were included. LABC comprised of 26.24% (609 patients) of new patients. One hundred and twenty-eight (31.1%) patients received NACT. Median age was 48 years and estrogen receptor was positive in 64%. Chemotherapy protocol was an FEC (5-Fluorouracil, Epirubicin, Cyclophosphamide) regimen in the following doses: Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, 5-FU 600 mg/m2, and Epirubicin 75 mg/m2 given every three weeks, six doses, followed by modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and locoregional radiotherapy. The overall response rate (complete response (CR) + partial response (PR)) was 84.4%, clinical CR (cCR) was 13.3% and pathological CR (pCR) was 7.8%. Median DFS and OS were 33 and 101 months, respectively. The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) at five years were 41 and 58%, respectively. Conclusions: This study analyzes the outcome in patients who received NACT, in the largest number of LABC patients from a single center in India, and our results are comparable to the results reported from other centers.

Management of patients with breast cancer: are we ready in India for sentinel lymph node biopsy?

Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women worldwide. Surgery plays an important role in its management. Axillary lymph node dissection has been the standard of care for staging, prognostication and control of axillary disease for almost a century. However, this time-tested paradigm is shifting gradually in the western world, because of the increasing use of screening mammography resulting in the detection of a large proportion of node-negative early breast cancers and a significant incidence of axillary lymph node dissection-related arm morbidity. Minimally invasive and less morbid procedures such as sentinel lymph node biopsy are being used more commonly in the West. However, the western experience cannot be directly extrapolated to the Indian scenario because of the differences in patient profile, treatment standards and expertise available. There is a need to critically analyse these issues before the Indian medical community advocates sentinel lymph node biopsy as a routine procedure for managing patients with breast cancer.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical cytoreduction in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

AIMS: To study the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by surgical cytoreduction in the management of advanced epithelial ovarian cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 82 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancers (stage IIIC and IV) who were treated with NACT followed by surgical cytoreduction between 1995 and 2004 was performed. Response to NACT, optimal cytoreduction rate, disease-free survival and overall survival were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 59 patients (72%) with stage IIIC disease and 23 (28%) with stage IV disease. Diagnosis was established by imaging, ascitic fluid cytology and CA-125 estimations in 75% and by laparotomy in 25% of the patients. After NACT, complete response occurred in 17 patients (20.7%), 50 (61.0%) had partial response and no response was documented in 15 (18.3%) patients. Optimal surgical cytoreduction could be achieved in 72% of the patients. At the median follow-up of 34 months (range 6-102 months), 5-year disease-free and overall survivals were 31 and 32% respectively. The median disease free interval was 25.4 months. On multivariate analysis, degree of optimal cytoreduction was the only factor (P < 0.05) affecting survival. CONCLUSIONS: NACT followed by surgical cytoreduction is a promising treatment strategy for the management of advanced epithelial ovarian cancers. A significant number of patients exhibit response to NACT. Downstaging following NACT leads to higher optimal cytoreduction rates and improved survival in comparison to historical controls.

Primary gastrointestinal non Hodgkin's lymphoma chemotherapy alone an effective treatment modality: experience from a single centre in India.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal tract (GI) is the most frequently involved extra nodal site in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (CT) have been used mostly in various combinations, but lately chemotherapy alone has emerged as an effective option. The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy of CT alone in treatment of primary GI-NHL and to compare the results with combined CT+surgery. SETTING AND DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of case records of GI NHL patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 15-year period (1986-2000), 77 new cases of primary GI-NHL were registered at our center. GI-NHL was defined according to standard criteria. All patients received chemotherapy. RESULTS: The median age was 32 years (Range 9-80). Endoscopy / CT guided biopsies were performed in 42% (32) of patients for the purpose of diagnosis. Laparotomy was done in 58% (45) of patients to establish a diagnosis or as primary or debulking treatment. Stomach and intestines were involved in 47% (36) and 53% (41) patients respectively. Early stage disease was present in 37% (29). Seventy eight percent of tumors were intermediate to high grade, 43% (33) received only CT while 57% (44) received CT+surgery. Five years EFS and OS were: 72% and 65% for all patients; 72% and 67% for CT only group; 60% and 64% for CT+surgery group (P=.05). Four patients died of neutropenic infection. CONCLUSION: Organ-preservation strategy using chemotherapy alone (CT) can be successfully employed in a significant number of patients with primary GI-NHL.

Phase II study of cisplatin, etoposide and paclitaxel in locally advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of gastric/gastroesophageal junction.

BACKGROUND: Unresectable and metastatic gastric cancers carry a poor and dismal prognosis. Several phase II studies have identified effective anticancer drugs. AIMS: To evaluate safety and efficacy of low-dose cisplatin, etoposide and paclitaxel (CEP) based combination chemotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of gastric/gastroesophageal junction. SETTING AND DESIGN: Prospective single-arm phase II study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients were enrolled onto this study, out of which, all but one received cisplatin 15 mg/m 2, etoposide 40 mg/m 2 and paclitaxel 50 mg/m 2, given on day 1 and 4 every week for three weeks in a 28-day cycle. Survival analysis was done using SPSS program. RESULTS: Median age of group was 56 years. Twenty-five were males. Twenty-nine had metastatic/inoperable disease and four patients had recurrent disease. Liver was the commonest metastatic site seen in 15 patients. With a median of 2 cycles per patient, a total of 76 cycles was administered. Grade III or IV toxicity were seen in 11 (35%) patients; diarrhea, 5 patients; vomiting, 3 patients; and neutropenia, 7 patients, 5 of whom also had fever). One patient died of neutropenic fever. Best responses, seen in 32 evaluable patients, were 2 CR (6.1%), 21 PR (63%) and 3 SD (9.2%). Four patients were considered operable after chemotherapy. With median follow-up of 11 months in surviving patients, median OS was 10 months and PFS was 8 months. Median OS was 13 months in responders versus 8 months in nonresponders (P =0.04). Seven patients survived> 12 months. CONCLUSION: Combination of low-dose CEP shows good clinical response and an acceptable toxicity profile in advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of gastric/gastroesophageal cancers. Whether addition of 5 FU or capecitabine adds to the benefit should be explored. This may be tested with other standard/conventional protocols in a randomized fashion.

Organ-preserving multimodality management of squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal.

AIM: To study the efficacy of an organ-preserving, sequential chemoradiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, and of salvage surgery in those in whom this treatment fails. METHODS: Forty biopsy-proven untreated patients (28 men) with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal received two cycles of chemotherapy using cisplatin and methotrexate, followed by 45 to 60 (median 50) Gy external beam radiotherapy. Salvage surgery was offered to those in whom this treatment failed. Overall survival, disease-free survival and colostomy-free survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Most patients (n=35; 87%) had T3 or T4 lesions and 5 (12.5%) had involvement of inguinal nodes. Thirty-one patients (77.5%) had complete response after chemoradiation. Only three patients (7.5%) developed chemotherapy-related grade 3 mucositis and myelosuppression. Radiotherapy-related toxicity included grade III cystitis in one patient and grade III proctitis in three patients. Three patients had post-treatment anal stenosis requiring repeated dilatation and two had chronic non-healing ulcers at the anal verge. Nine patients had failure of chemoradiation or disease recurrence; of these, only 5 could undergo salvage surgery. After a median follow up of 60 months, overall survival, disease-free survival and colostomy-free survival were 80%, 77.5% and 72.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Chemoradiation is effective in the treatment of squamous cell anal cancer and has acceptable toxicity. Surgical salvage may be useful in those with failure of this treatment.

Breast conservation therapy for breast cancer: patient profile and treatment outcome at a tertiary care cancer centre.

BACKGROUND: Breast conservation therapy is a well-established treatment modality for early breast cancer. It is not widely practised in developing countries because of a lack of awareness and treatment facilities, and physician and patient bias. We analysed our experience of breast conservation therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 102 patients who had undergone breast conservation surgery and axillary dissection for breast cancer. Surgery was followed by 45 Gy of radiation to the whole breast and 15-20 Gy of tumour bed boost. All high risk patients received adjuvant systemic therapy. The disease profile, morbidity and treatment outcome were analysed. RESULTS: Out of 902 patients, 102 underwent breast conservation therapy (90 had early breast cancer and 12 had locally advanced breast cancer). Only 19.6% of patients with early breast cancer received breast conservation therapy. One-third of the patients had had a prior surgical intervention. The mean tumour size was 2.8 cm, 44% had nodal involvement and 29% were oestrogen- and progesterone-receptor negative. At a mean follow up of 32 months, only 1 patient had local recurrence, and the 5-year projected disease-free and overall survival were 82% and 88%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Breast conservation therapy should be offered to suitable breast cancer patients. Strict adherence to protocol-based therapy and active multidisciplinary coordination are crucial for a successful breast conservation therapy programme. Education of the patient as well as the physician population is necessary for increasing the breast conservation therapy rates in India.

A field study and continuous removal of fluoride in a packed column.

The synthetic water performance in the light of fluoride removal was studied and compared with the actual fluoride contaminated water of different selected water collection stations. An indegeneous activated alumina was used as adsorbent. The performance of the column for fluoride contaminated water was about 94% fluoride reduction at a pH value of 7.0 and the presence of total dissolved solids (T.D.S.). 2114 mg/L in subsoil water decreased the fluoride removal by 5%.

Adenocarcinoma esophagus with choroid metastasis.

Metastases to the eye are rare and those from carcinoma esophagus are very rare, with only one report in the English literature. We report a 46-year-old man with adenocarcinoma of esophagus who developed isolated choroid metastasis after definitive treatment of the primary tumor.