Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in males / 中华男科学杂志

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is often caused by hyposecretion of gonadotropin and consequently affects male fertility. The patient with IHH has a smaller penis and testes with spermatogenic dysfunction. At present, IHH is treated mainly with hCG, hMG, GnRH, and their different combinations. However, due to the lack of large-sample evidence, it is not yet clear which therapy is the best option. This article presents an overview of our experience in the treatment of IHH in the last decade and a review of relevant literature, aiming at a deeper insight into this male disease.

Disgust responding in obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without contamination washing symptoms / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:The present study aim to explore the difference and characteristics of disgust in obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) with/without contamination washing symptoms,adding to the growing literature on the heterogeneity and clinical treatment of OCD.Methods:Totally 66 patients with OCD meeting the criteria of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems,Tenth Revision (ICD-10) and 51 healthy controls matched with gender,age and level of education were recruited.All patients were divided into two subgroups namely washing symptoms group(n =26) and other symptoms group(n =40) based on the contamination washing symptoms.Participants respectively completed the lexical decision task.The results of the tasks were indicators reflecting the disgust feelings,including the accuracy,reaction time to core disgust words,moral disgust words,neutral words,and the rating intensity of disgust provoked by all of the words.Results:The reaction time for core disgust words[(723 ± 89)ms,(746 ± 95) ms vs.(676 ± 96) ms] and moral disgust words[(772 ± 98)ms,(796± 92)ms vs.(723 ± 94)ms] were longer in both group of patients with OCD than in healthy controls.The patients also rated higher degree of disgust for core disgust words[(6.7 ± 1.5),(6.9 ± 1.6)vs.(5.8 ± 1.7)]and moral disgust words [(6.8 ± 1.7),(7.2 ± 1.3)vs.(6.3 ± 1.5)] than healthy controls (Ps ＜0.05).But there were no difference existed between patients with and without contamination washing symptoms on the results of lexical decision task(Ps ＜0.05).Conclusion:It shows that patients with OCD tend to experience intense disgust feelings,and there is no difference between contamination washing symptoms and other symptoms on disgust.These findings suggest that intense disgust feelings may play a role on the etiology and maintenance of OCD,and reducing disgust could be a potential approach for OCD treatment.

Research advances in picornavirus 2C gene and its encoding protein / 中国人兽共患病学报

Picornaviridae 2C gene is relatively conservative,whose encoded protein is a non-structural protein.The 2C protein is in an earlier detection and only can be detected during virus replicatin.The 2C protein has multiple fuctions:the role of AAA+ helicase activity,invasion cells by autophagy pathway,abduction cells on inflammation and apoptosis;the interaction with other proteins such as 2B and 3C that might be induced by 2C protein,which can participate in the pathogenic process in a way.Above all,we mainly outline the reseach advances on Picornaviridae 2C gene and its encoded protein,in order to provide some superficial reference for its further study.

The clinical application of acupuncture combined with general anesthesia in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the clinical application of acupuncture combined with general anesthe -sia in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery .Methods 60 ASA( the American society of anesthesiologists )Ⅰ-Ⅱpatients undergoing elective gynecologic laparoscopic surgery were randomly divided into the acupuncture group and control group.Patients in the acupuncture group were chosen Hegu (LI 4),Neiguan(PC 6) on both sides.After acupuncture, the two acupoints,electroacupuncture stimulated 20-30min,then administered general anesthesia ,electroacupuncture until surgery finished ,the control group received general anesthesia only .The drug dosages of the two groups was regu-lated,maintained anesthesia depth bispectral index ( BIS) between 40 and 60.The changes of the blood pressure ( BP) ,heart rate and BIS of the two groups at the same time points were observed;the propofol and remifentanil dos-age after the surgery ,the awaken time and extubation time ,OAA/S score and pain score after wake ,the happening of restlessness,chills,nausea and vomiting ,the usage of narcotic analgesics postoperation ,and the intraoperative aware-ness were recorded .The effect of acupuncture combined with general anesthesia was evaluated .Results Anesthetic dosage propofol of the acupuncture group [(7.44 ±1.30)μg· kg-1· h-1] was less than [(8.66 ±1.24)μg· kg-1· h-1] of the control group (t=3.720,P=0.001),remifentanil dosage was also less than the control group [acupunc-ture group (10.59 ±2.58)μg· kg-1· h-1,control group (11.93 ±2.27)μg· kg-1· h-1,t=2.168,P=0.034]. Compared with the basic value ,the BP values were higher at the time of intraoperation ,waking,extubation and 10 min after extubation (all P<0.05),the acupuncture group had more stable BP .Compared with the acupuncture group , heart rates in the control group were faster at extubation and 10min after extubation .Recovery time and extubation time of the acupuncture group were (9.05 ±2.36)min and (1.61 ±2.40)min,which were shorter than (12.50 ± 3.20)min and (15.90 ±3.37)min of the control group (P<0.05).Pain score(VAS) in the acupuncture group was lower than that of the control group .Consciousness score was higher in the acupuncture group ,the incidence rates of restlessness,chills were less.Conclusion The use of acupuncture combined with general anesthesia in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery can reduce the dosage of general anesthetics ,shorten the awaken time and extubation time ,increase the OAA/S score of the patients ,relieve pain ,and the recovery quality is higher .

Etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangzhou in 2008 / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Guangzhou area in 2008.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Totally 1023 clinical specimens were collected from pediatric patients suspected of HFMD in 2008. TaqMan real-time RT-PCR were used for detection of enterovirus 71 (EV71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and other enteroviruses. The specimens which were enterovirus positive by RT-PCR method with universal primer but EV71 and CA16 negative, were amplified and sequenced for 5'untranslated region.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Enterovirus was identified from 434 of 1023 samples and detection rate of enterovirus was 42.42%; of the 434 samples, 276 were positive for EV71 (63.6%), 126 for CA16 (29%), 4 samples for enterovirus 84, 3 for Echovirus 11, 2 for Echovirus 9, 3 for Coxsackievirus B3, 4 for Coxsackievirus A10, 3 for Coxsackievirus A6, 6 for Coxsackievirus A12 or A5, and for 7 samples typing was difficult.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The major causative agents of HFMD in Guangzhou were EV71 and CA16 in 2008, and EV84, CA10, CA12, CA6, COSB3, ECHV11, ECHV9 were also the pathogens for smaller proportions of patients.</p>

Application of fluorescent real-time polymerase chain reaction in analyzing the epidemic of influenza among children in Guangzhou area in 2006 / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence of influenza virus infections in children in 2006 using the real-time PCR method.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>(1) Consulting the most conserved sequence NP gene of influenza virus, after comparing with the NP gene sequences of influenza virus in GenBank, one pair of specific primers and one TaqMan probe were designed for each subtype of influenza virus by the software Primer Express. The sensitivity of influenza was evaluated by testing known positive samples which had been two-fold diluted. The specificity of real-time PCR for influenza virus detection was assessed by cross testing 60 isolates of influenza A, 16 isolates of influenza B, and by testing a variety of other respiratory viruses positive samples; (2) 281 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were detected by real-time PCR and virus isolation; (3) the 12 301 specimens from the patients of Guangzhou Children's Hospital were tested by using the real-time PCR method. Furthermore, the real-time PCR reagent was evaluated by comparing with the result of virus isolation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The sensitivity of real-time PCR developed in this study for influenza A detection was 1:2(22) and for influenza B was 1:2(20) in two-fold serially diluted way. (2) No positive results were found in cross testing of other viruses positive specimens. (3) Influenza virus was detected from 1687 cases (13.71%) out of the 12 301 cases, including 773 cases (45.8%) positive for subtype A and 914 cases (54.2%) positive for subtype B; 455 out of 525 (86.7%) of influenza B positive specimens and 70 out of 525 (13.3%) of influenza A (H1N1) positive specimens were from patients seen during January to April; 419 out of 1118 (37.5%) specimens positive for influenza B and 699 out of 1118 (62.5%) specimens positive for influenza A (H1N1) were from patients seen from May to August. Influenza virus could be identified from 1380 samples by the methods of virus isolation, accounting for 81.80% of the 1687 positive samples detected by real-time PCR. All the influenza virus subtype A was H1N1.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The real-time PCR method developed in this study was sensitive and specific for detecting influenza A and B in clinical specimens. During 2006, influenza A and influenza B co-circulated. The predominant virus was influenza B from January to April, peaking in April. Influenza A (H1N1) prevailed from May to August, with the peak in June.</p>

Experience of using three phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in the same period for the treatment of erectile dysfunction / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe and compare the effects and adverse events of the three phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil used in the same period for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 311 ED patients were treated with the three PDE-5 inhibitors in the same period, 134 with sildenafil, 109 with vardenafil and 88 with tadalafil, and followed up for 2-11 months. Their effects were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sildenafil produced satisfactory effect in 72 patients (79.12%), vardenafil in 63 (81.81%) and tadalafil in 52 (78.78%), respectively. And the efficacy rates of sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil in the treatment of ED with premature ejaculation were 55.56%, 44.44% and 42.3%, respectively. Our study also showed that the young and the newly married preferred vardenafil, the middle-aged chose tadalafil and the older and long-term users tend to take sildenafil. The main reasons for discontinuing the use of the three inhibitors were their high price, incomplete effect and the patients' worry about their adverse action.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The three PDE-5 inhibitors can produce basically similar effects on ED, all with safety and few mild adverse events.</p>

DAZ1/DAZ2 cluster deletion mediated by gr/gr recombination per se may not be sufficient for spermatogenesis impairment: a study of Chinese normozoospermic men / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To explore the possible effect of the deleted in azoospermia (DAZ) copy cluster deletion on spermatogenesis in the Chinese population, the deletion of the azoospermia factor c (AZFc) region was analyzed in 346 normozoospermic men.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three DAZ single nucleotide variant loci and seven AZFc-specific sequence-tagged sites were examined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and routine PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five (1.4%) of the normozoospermic men were found to have deletion of gr/gr-DAZ1/DAZ2. None of the men were found to have b2/b4-entire DAZ deletion.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The presence of gr/gr-DAZ1/DAZ2 deletion in five men with normozoospermia suggests that this deletion per se may not be sufficient for spermatogenic impairment in Chinese men.</p>

Important genetic etiology of infertile Chinese males: chromosome abnormality and deletion of DAZ gene copy in the AZFc region of Y chromosome / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation of male infertility with abnormality of chromosomal quantity and construction and with the deletion of DAZ gene copy in the AZFc region of Y chromosome.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Included in the study were 247 azoospermic and 206 severe oligozoospermic patients, as well as 210 fertile men as controls. Multi-PCR and PCR-RFLP were used to analyze the deletion of DAZ gene copies in the AZFc region of Y chromosome. Chromosomal quantity and construction were detected by G-band in the 453 patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the azoospermic and severe oligozoospermic patients, the incidences of chromosomal abnormality were 12.6% and 8.3%; the rates of complete DAZ deletion were 7.7% and 11.2%, and the rates of DAZ1/DAZ2 deletion were 7.3% and 4.9% respectively, but no deletion was detected in the controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is a high frequency of chromosomal abnormality and DAZ gene copy deletion in patients with azoospermia and oligospermia, which suggests that chromosomal abnormality and partial and complete deletion of DAZ gene copy might be important genetic causes of Chinese male infertility.</p>

Progress in the study of stem Leydig cells / 中华男科学杂志

Leydig cells are the primary source of testosterone. As is true for all specialized cells, Leydig cells originally arise from primitive undifferentiated stem cells, stem Leydig cells (SLCs). The huge potential of SLCs is to be used therapeutically to restore testosterone levels in males with androgen deficiency due to diverse causes. The initial paradigm for cell therapy would call for harvesting the SLCs of an androgen deficient male, amplifying these cells in vitro, inducing differentiation in vitro, and then implanting the mature Leydig cells back into the same individual.

Semen quality and sperm morphologic study of infertile men with varicocele / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the semen quality and the sperm morphology in infertile men with varicocele.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Semen from 98 infertile men with varicocele were studied and those of 130 normal semen donors were taken as the control. Semen analysis was performed based on the methods described in the WHO manual and sperm morphology was evaluated by WHO criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A significantly reduced percentage of normal morphologic sperm and of forward progression were found in patients with varicocele comparing with those of the control (P <0.001). The head defects were observed as the predominant type of sperm malformation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The varicocele increases malformed sperm in ejaculates, which may result from impaired male fertility by varicocele. Sperm morphologic assessment with WHO criteria provides a sensitive and practical measurement of sperm damage in infertile men with varicocele.</p>

Clinical study of sildenafil in the treatment of premature ejaculation complicated by erectile dysfunction / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) complicated by erectile dysfunction (ED).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-five patients of PE complicated by ED received flexible doses of sildenafil from 50 to 100 mg for 1 to 3 months. Intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and sexual satisfaction ratio (SSR) of partner were recorded to evaluate the effect of PE treatment, as well as the general efficacy and satisfaction of ED treatment. And the difference of IIEF-5 before and after the treatment were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-seven patients had their PE improved and the effective rate was 60%. Forty patients reported the improvement in erection and the percentage of erectile improvement was 88.88%. All the 27 patients with improvement of PE achieved effective erection through the administration of 50 mg sildenafil and the satisfaction rate reached 81.48%. On the other hand, only 1 case (5.56%) reported satisfaction over the treatment in the 18 patients who did not obtain improvement of PE. Between the PE improvement group and non-improvement group, there were significant differences (P < 0.001) shown in IIEF-5 scores before and after the treatment. Mild or moderate side effects were reported in 9 patients(20%), who recovered without any treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>To premature ejaculation patients with ED, sildenafil can safely and effectively improve their erectile function, the satisfaction over the ED treatment outcome means that their PE symptoms could be alleviated.</p>

Effects of irradiation and W11-a12 on anion-selective channel of mouse peritoneal macrophage / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To study the effects of irradiation and W11-a12，a kind of repair-promoting drug，on anion-selective channel in membranes of mouse peritoneal macrophage. Methods　The activity of anion-selective channel was recorded from cell-attached patches with patch clamp techniques． Results　The effects of irradiation on anion-selective channel in membranes of peritoneal macrophage included：①decreasing the mean number of activated channels by the presence of zymosan; ②prolonging the mean time from stimulus to the opening of channels; ③depressing the opening of channels by decreasing open-state probability，shortening open-time and prolonging close-time． The effects of irradiation could partly be depressed by W11-a12. Conclusion　Irradiation will depress the anion-selective channel of peritoneal macrophage, which may be an important way to depress the function of macrophage．

Effects of irradiation and W11-a12 on anion-selective channel of mouse peritoneal macrophage / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To study the effects of irradiation and W11-a12，a kind of repair-promoting drug，on anion-selective channel in membranes of mouse peritoneal macrophage. Methods　The activity of anion-selective channel was recorded from cell-attached patches with patch clamp techniques． Results　The effects of irradiation on anion-selective channel in membranes of peritoneal macrophage included：①decreasing the mean number of activated channels by the presence of zymosan; ②prolonging the mean time from stimulus to the opening of channels; ③depressing the opening of channels by decreasing open-state probability，shortening open-time and prolonging close-time． The effects of irradiation could partly be depressed by W11-a12. Conclusion　Irradiation will depress the anion-selective channel of peritoneal macrophage, which may be an important way to depress the function of macrophage．

Characteristics of human semen by microscopic observation during liquefaction / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To compaire the physical characteristics of semen morphology before and after semen coagulation-liquefaction under microscope and understand the significance of these characteristics for the determination of semen liquefaction.Methods Semens were placed in sperm counting chamber immediately after collection.The morphological changes of the seminal gelatinous substance during liquefaction were observed under microscope and analyzed.Results Morphological changes during semen liquefaction can be clearly observed.Among 32 samples of semen,forward sperm progression and motility were (30.3?12.4)% and (45.0?14.9)%,(44.9?12.7)% and (59.0?15.3)%,before and after the liquefaction,respectively.The differences were statistically significant (t=-1.130,5.023,P0.05).Conclusions Microscopic observation of the seminal gelatinous substance is a simple and feasible method for objective measurement of sperm liquefaction.These findings suggest it may provide pathological significance on semen liquefaction abnormality in infertility clinic.